Corn feeding: norms, urea, saltpeter, zinc fertilizers

Feeding corn is a prerequisite for good fruiting of this crop, which without proper care shows low yields. At the same time, it is important to decide not only on the composition of nutrient mixtures, but also to correctly organize the schedule for applying fertilizing. Finally, you should also not overuse fertilizers - an excess of nutrients in the soil harms the plantings no less than their deficiency.

The degree of absorption of organic and mineral compounds depends on the type of soil and temperature.

Features of feeding corn

At different stages of development, corn increases its need for one or another nutrient:

1. At the stage of 6-8 leaves, plantings need nitrogen, which is necessary for plants to gain better green mass. A deficiency of the substance leads to the fact that the leaves and stems begin to thin and turn yellow.
2. Potassium is added during the flowering period. This element promotes the formation of grains and increases the crop's resistance to drought and high temperatures.
3. The need for phosphorus increases during the first stage of growth, when the first shoots break through the soil layer, and during the fruiting stage. The component is involved in the formation of the root system of plants and participates in energy metabolism.
4. Without calcium, soil conductivity deteriorates and the specific density of the soil increases.
5. Magnesium deficiency greatly affects crop yields. If there is little magnesium in the soil, the plant will form very small ears, and their number will be much less than expected. In addition, a lack of magnesium slows down pollination processes.
6. Sulfur affects how well plants absorb nitrogen. It also affects the growth rate of corn.
7. During the growing season, plantings especially need copper, boron and zinc. Zinc affects the resistance of corn to cold and the formation of cobs. They may not form at all if the plantings have not received a sufficient amount of the substance. Copper strengthens the plant's immunity. Boron deficiency causes growth retardation, ear deformation and internode shortening.

Advice! When adding mineral compounds, you must carefully study the recommendations on the packaging. Exceeding the specified norm of the substance will do more harm than good.

How to feed wheat with urea

Urea – carbamide – is considered one of the most effective nitrogen fertilizers. Fertilizing wheat with urea is carried out by root and foliar methods.

Video: Feeding wheat by leaf

Video: Root feeding of winter wheat

Pure nitrogen in this substance is 46.2%. This is a very economical and plant-safe combination. 2–3 days after application to the soil, urea becomes available for absorption. It is recommended to embed into the ground a week before sowing grain.

Spring and winter wheat varieties require different amounts of the substance per 1 hectare of land.

Winter varieties

Winter wheat is demanding on the composition of the soil - it does not tolerate excessive acidity, it requires more nutrients, as well as adherence to strict proportions.

Urea for winter varieties is applied in parts. This is a more effective way to increase productivity, since in the autumn urea is more quickly washed out and eroded from the soil. Fractional supply of nitrogen nutrition allows you to control the level of the substance in the root zone, and also enhances tillering and the formation of a dense stem.

When applying urea to feed wheat, one should take into account the predecessors who left roots and stems on the field. For example, after legumes, the amount of nitrogen fertilizers can be reduced, and after non-legumes, it can be increased by a third before sowing winter wheat.

Practice shows that adding 30 to 60 kg of urea to winter varieties of cereal plants increases their yield, but does not significantly affect the protein content in the grain. Increasing nitrogen doses to 100–120 kg/ha promotes protein accumulation.

The content and method of nitrogen application depends on the composition of the soil in a particular region. On clay and loamy soils, the amount of nitrogen supplements can be reduced, since the movement of water in the ground is slowed down. Sandy and sandy loam soils are more susceptible to leaching. Fertilizers evaporate faster and go deeper, below the level of the root system of cereals.

Fertilizing winter wheat requires strict adherence to the schedule: nitrogen nutrition should be given to wheat exclusively during the flowering period and until wax ripeness. In this case, the accumulation of sufficient doses of nitrogen in the tissues will affect the formation of a good ear with a large amount of grain.

It is best to apply urea as a fertilizer for wheat 3-4 times a year. A small dose - in the fall before planting to fertilize winter wheat, since large doses of nitrogen will weaken the growing season and prevent the plants from surviving the winter period.

The second feeding is carried out in early spring before the start of accelerated growth. The third - before the plants enter the tube.

Spring varieties

If urea has not been added to the soil since autumn, then this process is carried out in early spring when planting spring varieties.

Due to the unstable amount of nitrogen in the soil, large doses are not recommended to be applied in the fall.

Spring wheat has a less developed root system compared to winter wheat. Before sowing summer varieties of cereals, a single large dose of nitrogen fertilizers – urea – is recommended. Fractional application is not effective, since the growing season for spring varieties is half as long and the plants consume most of the nutrients before they emerge.

The presence of phosphorus mineral fertilizers in the soil is especially important. Phosphorus helps strengthen the root system of spring wheat. Consequently, with underdeveloped roots, plants poorly absorb nitrogen and potassium

Productivity is reduced by a third

Consequently, with underdeveloped roots, plants poorly absorb nitrogen and potassium. Productivity is reduced by a third.

Phosphorus and potassium must be applied in advance - in the fall, so that the composition is well distributed in the soil.

High yields can be achieved by preliminary preparation of the soil so that the plants gain nutrients before grain filling begins, and then the formation of the ear depends on the distribution of elements in the plant itself.

Types of fertilizers for corn

Different types of soil experience a certain deficiency of some substance. For example, in areas with chernozem there is a deficiency of phosphorus and nitrogen. In forest-steppe regions, complex mineral fertilizers are used to enrich the soil before planting.

Advice! Excessive fertilizers will not benefit the plants. The plantings are fed as soon as a deficiency of one or another component is detected.

Organic

In order to feed plants with organic matter, liquid manure is usually used. To do this, 10 kg of fresh mullein is poured into 50 liters of water and infused for 5-7 days. The solution is added to the soil in the fall or spring before planting.

Important! Under no circumstances should fresh mullein be used to feed plantings. In its pure form, it can burn plant roots.

The following signs indicate a deficiency of organic fertilizers:

• the plant stem becomes thinner;
• the soil around the seedlings quickly sets into a crust;
• The sprouts become lighter and slightly yellow.

The minimum amount of organic fertilizer for corn is 7 kg per 1 m2.

Mineral

Mineral fertilizers are divided into simple, which contain only one micro- or macroelement, and complex. The most important substances for corn:

• nitrogen;
• phosphorus;
• potassium.

The most effective phosphorus and potassium fertilizers include ammophosphate, phosphorus flour and superphosphate. Potassium deficiency is determined by leaf curl, phosphorus deficiency by slow growth and a purple tint on the underside of the leaf blade.

Nitrogen fertilizers are used in amide, nitrate and ammonium forms. The nitrate form, which is quickly absorbed, is best suited for planting corn. Foliar irrigation is carried out using the amide form.

Nitrogen deficiency is also determined by the condition and color of the leaves. If they become yellow and brittle, then it is necessary to add nitrogen compounds to the soil. Ammonia water has proven itself well in this regard, as it quickly corrects the composition of the soil. Also among the most effective nitrogen formulations are urea and UAN.

The dosages of mineral compounds are closely related to organic matter. The more organic fertilizers are added to the soil, the less mineral fertilizers are needed.

Advice! It is better not to give preference to any of these types of fertilizer. It is recommended to harmoniously feed the plantings with both organic and mineral compounds. The optimal ratio of these two types is: 1:2

How to prepare the solution?

Urea can be used dry or diluted. The granules dissolve well in a wide variety of liquids, including water. To prepare a liquid nutrient solution, urea is diluted with water - the proportions directly depend on the feeding technique.

For watering

Root feeding is carried out with a liquid urea solution by applying it under the stem of the plant.

To fertilize growing cucumber seedlings, you need to make a solution in the following dosage:

• urea - 15 g;
• superphosphate - 60 g;
• water - 10 l.

This composition is poured at the root of the plant, always after high-quality irrigation. It is advisable to carry out all manipulations in cloudy weather.

A different composition is used for processing greenhouse crops:

• urea - 15g;
• superphosphate - 20 g;
• potassium chloride - 15 g;
• water - 10 l.

It is known that urea has the ability to protect garden crops from aphids, weevils, as well as copperhead and some other pests. To prepare a protective composition, dissolve 500-700 g of granules in a bucket of water and spray the diseased bushes with the resulting liquid. The same drug gives a high effect in the fight against late blight, root rot and scab.

For foliar feeding

Foliar feeding is highly effective, especially if the leaves and ovaries have begun to fall off. This method of supporting plants is resorted to in cold or dry weather - under these conditions, the ability of the root system to absorb nutrients from the substrate is weakened. The situation can be saved by feeding through the stems and leaf blades by spraying them.

The use of foliar fertilizers for cucumber crops is very important:

• prolongs the fruiting period of cucumbers;
• leaves absorb nitrogen instantly, so nutrition reaches them much faster than when watering;
• spot application of the composition does not allow feeding weeds growing nearby.

This method is especially effective during fruiting of vegetable crops, as well as when cucumber seedlings are affected by fungal infections and insects. Spraying with urea dramatically increases the immunity of the vegetable crop and its resistance to adverse external influences.

Experienced gardeners use several recipes for foliar feeding when caring for cucumbers.

• Dissolve 1 tbsp in 10 liters of water. l. urea - this composition stimulates the rejuvenation of green mass, the growth of new vines, and also prolongs the fruiting time.
• Dissolve 1 tbsp in a bucket of water. l. urea and 2 tbsp. l. superphosphate. This feeding enhances flowering and ovary formation.
• Fertilizing with urea at the rate of 2 tbsp gives a good effect. l. into a bucket of water mixed with a glass of ash. This provides the crop with all the microelements necessary for fruit formation. The same composition can be sprayed on the plant at the first signs of fungal infections.

When using foliar fertilizing, it is important to adhere to the following rules

• Do not exceed the dose of fertilizer. Some gardeners want to achieve maximum results in one spraying. However, exceeding the dose of urea can simply burn the leaves and stems.
• When treating young bushes, the concentration of the active substance is reduced by half.
• Spraying should be carried out in the evenings, early in the morning or in cloudy weather, when there is no active sun.
• It is not recommended to spray before rain, as its drops will wash away all the nutrients.
• To achieve the optimal effect, spraying with urea is alternated with the application of organic fertilizers (manure, humus).

What to feed corn

Of the mineral fertilizers, the most popular and effective for feeding corn in the country are:

• ammonium nitrate;
• CAS;
• ammonium sulfate;
• potassium humate;
• urea.

The difficulty of using these fertilizers is determined not only by dosages, but also by external conditions: air temperature and soil moisture. While some formulations are well absorbed only in hot weather, others can only be applied to moist soil.

Fertilizing corn with saltpeter

Using ammonium nitrate, foliar feeding of corn is carried out when there is a nitrogen deficiency in the area. The first signs that the plantings do not have enough nitrogen are the leaves of the plant turning light yellow.

The recommended rate of ammonium nitrate solution for corn is 1:20 (approximately 500 g per 10 liters of water), however, such feeding will benefit the plant only if the air temperature is below +10°C. In addition, it is important that the soil is moist.

Fertilizing corn with UAS

Urea-ammonium mixture is a mineral nitrogen fertilizer, which is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and urea. This composition should be handled with extreme caution and applied to the soil sparingly - no more than 50 kg of fertilizer per 1 hectare. Excess of the substance can damage the root system of plants.

Important! UAN is applied to the soil before the first shoots appear.

Despite its effectiveness, CAS is somewhat inconvenient to use. The fact is that the substance can only be transported in securely insulated containers, and the use of the composition requires the use of special equipment.

Fertilizing corn with ammonium sulfate

Ammonium sulfate is first used to feed crops during sowing of seeds. The second time, fertilizing is carried out when 6 true leaves appear. It is recommended to combine this procedure with loosening the row spacing.

The optimal dosage is 100 kg of substance per 1 ha.

Important! The advantages of the fertilizer include its low price, and ammonium sulfate prevents the accumulation of nitrates, which also distinguishes it favorably from other mixtures. The disadvantage of fertilizer is that it acidifies the soil.

Fertilizing corn with potassium humate

Potassium humate is usually added to the soil during periods of prolonged drought and heat. Fertilizer strengthens the immune system of plants and thereby increases their resistance to adverse conditions.

The consumption rate of the substance is 1-2 liters per 1 ha. The first feeding is carried out at the stage of 3-5 leaves. The second – in 1-2 weeks.

Fertilizing corn with urea

Urea is used at the stage of 6-8 leaves, which usually occurs in the 2-3rd decade of June. In its pure form, the composition cannot be applied to the soil; first it is diluted to 4%: per 1 hectare, 4 kg of the substance must be diluted in 100 liters of water.

Additionally, you can fertilize corn with urea on the leaf during the period of cob formation.

Important! The optimal temperature regime for adding urea to the soil is in the range from +5°C to +10°C. In addition, it is better not to fertilize corn with this mixture in the fall, as heavy rains will wash nitrogen from the top layers of the soil.

Nutrient requirements of wheat per hectare of crops

The principle of wheat growth is that when there is a lack of nutrients, the plant produces a small number of leaves and seeds. The more the crop is provided with building material, the better the quality of the grain and the stronger the plant is protected from adverse environmental conditions and pests. The building material in this case is carbon dioxide and minerals in the atmosphere:

• nitrogen;
• phosphorus;
• potassium;
• calcium;
• microelements.

High yields depend on the proportions of nutrients that are added to the soil, as well as on the period of plant development - at what time more of certain fertilizers are required.

Wheat feeding scheme depending on crop growth

Fertilizers have a complex effect on wheat, so balance and an exact ratio are necessary. Otherwise, an excess of one type of fertilizer will prevent plants from absorbing other nutrients.

The correct ratio between the main mineral fertilizers is considered to be: nitrogen - 1.5 parts, phosphorus - 1 part and potassium - 1 part. That is, per hectare of land it is necessary to apply 45 kg of nitrogen fertilizers, 30 kg of phosphorus and 30 kg of potassium

Nitrogen is especially necessary for cereals at the germination stage, when the plant gains green mass and develops the root system. Fertilizing the soil with nitrogen will be effective when it is placed in the soil, and not just sprayed on the surface. When applied to the soil, nitrogenous fertilizers break down into carbon dioxide and ammonia and nourish the plant throughout its growth and development. When foliar feeding wheat crops, nitrogen fertilizers can increase the protein content in grains.

The introduction of nitrogen into the soil should be accompanied by measures to ensure sufficient soil moisture. With optimal water conditions, fertilizers gradually release ammonia and plants receive nutrition evenly. With excess moisture, nitrogen is more quickly washed into the lower horizons of the soil, which can cause nitrogen starvation. This process is accompanied by yellowing of the leaves and their insufficient development.

Corn feeding phases

Corn needs additional nutrition throughout the season, however, different formulations provide maximum benefit at different stages of plant development.

Traditionally, there are three phases of fertilizing for corn:

• before boarding;
• during sowing of seeds;
• after landing.

The bulk of fertilizers falls on the 1st stage before the start of the sowing period.

Fertilizers before planting corn

In the autumn months, the area for planting corn is dug up and organic fertilizers and potassium-phosphorus compounds are added to the soil. From organic matter, it is best to use liquid manure. Among the mineral compositions for feeding corn in the field, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate are usually chosen.

Fertilizers when planting grains

During sowing, you can feed corn exclusively with mineral fertilizers. Phosphorus is especially important for plant development during this period. It is applied in small portions, only 10 kg of substance per 1 ha is enough. Excess phosphorus in the soil sharply reduces corn yield.

At this time, the plant responds well to phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. Of these, the most effective are superphosphate and ammophosphate. These compositions are applied to the soil at a rate of 10 kg per 1 ha.

The best nitrogen fertilizer to feed corn at this time is ammonium nitrate. Optimal dosage: 7-8 kg per 1 ha.

Feeding corn after leafing

When the plant forms 5-7 leaves, it is fed with organic matter. In this regard, slurry and chicken manure are best suited, which are applied to the soil at the rate of 3 tons per 1 hectare.

The second feeding is carried out using superphosphate or potassium salt, the dosages of which are 1 kg per 1 ha and 500 kg per 1 ha, respectively.

When the corn stalks form the 7th leaf, root fertilizing with urea can be carried out.

Important! Corn is sprayed with urea in dry, windless weather.

Features of growing and caring for crops

The main stages of growing corn for popcorn are identical to caring for a conventional crop. However, there are still some features:

• slow development of the root system;
• the need for constant weeding;
• correct choice of soil.

This type of corn is planted in early May. The seed or seedling method is suitable. The distance between neighboring plants should be at least half a meter. Another condition for obtaining a good harvest is compliance with the rules of crop rotation. You can’t plant it in one place for several years. The best predecessor is nightshade crops.

Important: to avoid cross-pollination, you cannot plant two varieties of corn next to each other: for popcorn and for regular consumption.

• To grow corn for popcorn, several conditions must be met:
• Harrow the area before planting.
• Cultivate between rows at least three times per season.
• If necessary, carry out regular watering.
• Periodically feed the plants with mineral fertilizers.

Granddaughter's joy

In retail you can find popcorn in the form of a semi-finished product. Just throw it into a frying pan and fry. This is an absolute advantage. However, very often it contains many harmful substances. Therefore, it is best to grow such corn on your own plot. Harvesting begins after the cobs are fully ripened. At the stage of milk maturity, it will not make popcorn. After harvesting, the grain is dried for about a month in a dry and cool place and then stored in cotton or paper bags. Just like raw, overdried grains are difficult to burst when frying. The problem can be solved by leaving them in a humid room for a week. These are the main features of choosing and growing corn for popcorn on a farm. If you take them into account, you can get a wonderful harvest of ripe cobs and enjoy popcorn all winter.

Caring for corn crops

Foliar feeding of corn

Foliar feeding involves irrigating the leaves and stalk of corn. During the first stage of growth, plants often experience zinc deficiency, which can be identified by the following signs:

• slow growth;
• drying of leaves from the bottom of the stem;
• internodes are too short;
• young leaves become yellowish.

If the zinc deficiency is not corrected in time, this may negatively affect the quality of the cobs. You can improve the situation with the help of foliar fertilizing; it is recommended to use the following zinc fertilizers for corn:

• zinc sulfate;
• NANITE Zn;
• ADOB Zn II IDHA.

Fertilizer application methods

There are several stages of adding nutrients for corn:

1. Basics.
2. Pre-sowing.
3. During the growing season.
4. According to the sheet.

Basics

Fertilize the soil in the fall or, preferably, in the spring during cultivation. Beneficial substances added to this phase will be absorbed by the plant gradually as it grows.

Corn feeding is done:

1. ammonium nitrate;
2. anhydrous ammonia;
3. ammonia water;
4. phosphorus fertilizers: superphosphate, phosphorus flour;
5. potassium preparations: magnesia, potassium sulfate.

Pre-sowing

Represents the application of fertilizer for corn to grain. A small amount of superphosphate is used as an additive. Also, when sowing corn, complex fertilizers containing nitrogen and potassium are used: they promote abundant flowering and increased yield.

Rules for applying fertilizers for corn

Additionally, several general rules should be noted according to which it is recommended to apply fertilizers to the soil when feeding corn:

1. Potassium and phosphorus fertilizers are usually applied together - this way the plantings better absorb mineral compounds. If you add potassium and phosphorus separately, the corn nutrition process slows down.
2. You cannot feed corn only with organic matter or exclusively with mineral compounds. It is necessary to alternate organic fertilizers with mineral ones.
3. Beginning gardeners usually feed corn with nitrogen, but sometimes neglect potassium and phosphorus fertilizers. This is strictly forbidden - corn without these mineral components will absorb moisture worse and form green mass. The formation of caryopses can also be delayed under conditions of phosphorus deficiency.
4. The rate of mineral fertilizers applied to the soil depends on the type of soil, however, on average, about 90 kg of nitrogen, 80 kg of phosphorus and 70 kg of potassium are consumed per 1 hectare.
5. On acidic soils, corn bears fruit extremely poorly. The acidity of the soil can be reduced by liming - for this, dolomite flour is added to the soil, which additionally acts as a magnesium supplement.
6. On sandy soils, there is a deficiency of boron, so an area with this type of soil is dug up and fertilizer is applied to the ground in a proportion of 2 kg per 1 hectare.
7. Manganese deficiency occurs on alkaline soils. The composition is adjusted using manganese sulfate, which is applied at the rate of 10 kg per 1 ha.

Important! The use of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers increases the crop's resistance to many diseases. In particular, plantings are much less likely to develop rust.

What do seedlings lack?

If the soil was filled correctly, then in the first year after planting the plants do not need any fertilizing. Correct filling of the soil involves the application of organic or complex fertilizers, which contain all the necessary nutrients in sufficient quantities. Most of all, planted plants need nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus - these substances must be added additionally, since the soil initially contains little of them. Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are no less important for planted trees - plants absorb these components from the soil, but in poor soils their deficiency may be felt. Plants require relatively little calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper and other elements at the initial stage of growth.

The need for fertilizer also depends on the type of fruit crop. For example, seedlings of apple, quince and pear trees consume more nutrients, preferably of organic origin. Stone fruits (plum, cherry, apricot) are less picky - they can be fed with both organic and mineral mixtures. And at the same time, the lack of any element will not significantly affect their development.

Unfortunately, it often happens that after planting, plants cannot take root for a long time, begin to get sick, and may even die. You can determine which element is missing for the harmonious development of young trees by the following external signs:

a lack of nitrogen is indicated by pale coloring of greenery, weak stems and small leaves;

a lack of potassium can be determined by the spotted, yellow or brown color of the foliage, the leaf blades become wrinkled and dry out along the edges;

with a lack of magnesium, the formation of chlorophyll is disrupted, the leaves become light, and then turn yellow and die (fall off);

a lack of phosphorus is indicated by small, dark, almost black, drying leaves; the problem most often begins to develop from the lower part of the plant;

iron deficiency manifests itself in drying of the edges of leaves and shoots; seedlings of apple, pear, plum, raspberry and grape trees are very sensitive to iron deficiency;

A lack of copper is indicated by the whitened tips of the leaves, the greenery loses its elasticity and then dies.

Vladimir Likhochvor, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of NAAS,
Head of the Department of Plant Growing

Lviv National Agrarian University

Corn requires higher fertilizer rates than other grain crops. According to many generalized data, on average 24-32 kg of nitrogen, 10-14 kg of phosphorus, 25-35 kg of potassium, 6-10 kg of magnesium and calcium, 3-4 kg of sulfur are used to form 1 ton of grain with the corresponding number of stems and leaves , 11 g boron, 14 g copper, 110 g manganese, 0.9 g molybdenum, 85 g zinc, 200 g iron. Depending on the level of yield, different amounts of nutrients are absorbed.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen has the greatest impact on yield levels. In the initial phases of growth, nitrogen absorption is insignificant (3-5%). A decrease in nitrogen absorption due to low temperatures in spring causes yellowing of plants and inhibition of their growth. Nitrogen enters the plant more intensively, starting from the phase of 6-8 leaves. So, if only 2-3% of nitrogen is absorbed before the 8-leaf phase, then from the 8-leaf phase to the drying phase of the flower columns (hairs) on the cobs, approximately 85% of the total amount of nitrogen is absorbed. Approximately this falls on the period from the second ten days of June to the second ten days of August. Another 10-13% of nitrogen enters the plant during the ripening phases.

Corn forms a large amount of biomass, and therefore has an increased need among grain crops for providing nutrients, especially nitrogen.

With a lack of nitrogen, stunted plants with small light green leaves are formed.

The critical period for nitrogen absorption is the flowering phase. At this time, high temperature promotes mineralization processes and the release of nitrogen from the soil, which corn uses better among grain crops. Therefore, the application rate of mineral nitrogen is approximately set at the rate of N15 per 1 ton of grain on fertile soils and N20 per 1 ton of grain on poor soils. For a yield of 8 tons of grain, it is necessary to add N120 (8 tons x 15 kg) - N160 (8 tons x 20 kg). According to the yield of 10 tons of grain, corn uses approximately N150-200.

The nitrogen application rate is established by the balance method based on removal from the soil and according to experimental research data from research institutions.

Corn responds well to the application of urea or a mixture of urea and ammonium nitrate in a 1:1 ratio. Fertilizers are applied 10 days before sowing for cultivation. Nitrate nitrogen is absorbed first as it is the most mobile and accessible. The ammonium form of nitrogen is not washed out of the soil, accumulates in the arable layer and is absorbed by plants later. Some of it is transformed into the nitrate form. The amide form of nitrogen is used last by plants, after it transforms into ammonium and nitrate forms.

When using urea for cultivation, there is no need for fertilizing. Urea is a highly effective nitrogen fertilizer for corn.

Urea-ammonium mixture (UAM) is also used to fertilize corn (Table 1).

Table 1 Norms and timing of application of UAN-28 on corn

(according to Z. Poplawski, Pulawy)

* Before sowing or spraying the sown field to the stairs

** UAN bottling using filling pipes

Phosphorus

Phosphorus is absorbed by corn in smaller quantities than nitrogen or potassium. This nutrient is especially important for the plant in two phases. In the initial growth phase, phosphorus ensures optimal development of the corn root system and intensive initial plant growth. It is part of nucleic acids, affects energy metabolism, plays an important role in the accumulation of carbohydrates, regulates the processes of respiration, photosynthesis, etc.

The second phase, when phosphorus is most needed, occurs during the formation of generative organs.

With a deficiency of this element, the leaves acquire a purple-cherry color, and the flowering and ripening phases are delayed. It is important to consider that the lack of phosphorus in the early phases of growth cannot be compensated for by adding it at a later date.

Phosphorus absorption improves when soils are limed. However, corn in the initial stages of growth, at low temperatures (less than 10-12 ° C) or lack of moisture, poorly absorbs phosphorus. Therefore, high efficiency is ensured by fertilizers containing readily available forms of phosphorus (ammophos is normally 1.0-1.5 c/ha).

Among grains, corn absorbs potassium the most of all nutrients. If there is not enough potassium in the soil, then young plants slow down, photosynthesis decreases, the leaves first turn yellow-green at the edges and then yellow. The tops and edges of the leaves dry out, as if from burns. Potassium is intensively absorbed from the phase of 5-6 leaves until flowering. It optimizes the water regime of plants and improves nitrogen absorption, increases resistance to lodging, stem rot and other diseases, important for the formation of heads of cabbage, since it affects the movement of carbohydrates from leaves to ears.

The amount of potassium absorbed by the plant has a direct correlation with grain yield. According to W. Grzebisz (KukurudzaInformacie, 2008), with high corn yields, the volume of potassium absorption increases compared to other elements. Productivity above 80 c/ha can be achieved provided there is a good supply of potassium (Table 2). The ratio of nutrients changes from N: P: K = 1: 0.4: 0.7 (for 50 c/ha) to N: P: K = 1: 0.34: 1.2 (for 80 c/ha) .

Table 2 Assimilation of nutrients at different yield levels in

calculated per 1 ton of grain and the corresponding amount of by-products (according to W. Grzebisz, 2008)

A good supply of potassium contributes to the efficient use of moisture and increases resistance to drought. Potassium improves the water regime of the plant in the flowering phase. In dry conditions, a sufficient amount of potassium ensures good grain production of the cobs. As potassium fertilizers, potassium chloride, potassium salt, potassium magnesia, etc. are applied to corn.

Calcium, magnesium

Corn is very sensitive to calcium and magnesium deficiency. The special function of calcium is to neutralize organic acids formed in tissues, primarily oxalic acid. Calcium deficiency manifests itself at high rates of NPK application, on acidic soils.

For most soil types, the optimal pH value is between 6.0-7.0. Calcium improves the absorption of applied mineral fertilizers, neutralizes heavy metals in the soil, accelerates the management of plant residues, improves soil structure and microbiological activity.

The crop fertilization system uses mainly physiologically and chemically acidic mineral fertilizers, which help displace calcium from the soil absorption complex. A lack of calcium leads to an increase in humus losses, and as a result, to a deterioration in the physical, physico-chemical, and biological properties of the soil (its specific density increases, the structure and buffer capacity of the soil deteriorate, its supply of mineral nutrition elements and the degree of soil saturation with bases decreases).

The full rate of limestone materials (2-6 t/ha) is applied once every 7-8 years for plowing.

Corn produces low yields on soils poor in magnesium. Magnesium is part of chlorophyll and is involved in the synthesis of amino acids. A lack of magnesium manifests itself under unfavorable soil and weather conditions, in the case of a destroyed soil structure, and negatively affects the processes of flowering and pollination, which limits the setting of heads of cabbage and reduces their graininess. The critical phase is grain setting and formation.

Sulfur

With a lack of sulfur, plant growth is inhibited. The efficiency of applying nitrogen fertilizers decreases. The forks may be less filled with grain (through the grain), the leaves become light green or yellow due to the breakdown of chlorophyll. A shortage of 1 kg of the active substance of this element makes it impossible to use almost 10 kg of nitrogen. A slight deficiency of magnesium and sulfur can be compensated by layered application of magnesium sulfate simultaneously with urea (Table 3). If there is a significant deficiency of these nutrients, their main application with fertilizers containing magnesium and sulfur is necessary.

Table 3 Leaf nutrition of corn

The rate of sulfur application for corn is approximately S30-40.

Features of application

The rate of mineral fertilizers is calculated for the planned harvest, which depends on the type of soil, predecessor, and the presence of organic fertilizers. For the Forest-Steppe it is approximately N80-140P80-100K70-120.

The entire norm of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers must be applied in the fall for plowing, nitrogen fertilizers are applied for spring cultivation. Complex fertilizers (nitroammofoska and others) are most effective when applied in the spring under cultivation 10-14 days before sowing and thoroughly mixing the fertilizer granules with the soil. The application rate is 5-8 c/ha.

Corn responds well to puff feeding with a 6% urea solution (​​6 kg of urea per 100 liters of water). Spray crops in the morning or evening, when the temperature is lower. It is better to feed plants from the 7-8 leaf phase for three weeks 1-3 times every 7-8 days. At the same time, trace elements and water-soluble magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 5% concentration) are added (Table 3).

The effect of fertilizers on grain quality

Optimal provision of plants with phosphorus and potassium increases the resistance of corn to thermal stress and lack of water, and improves the amino acid composition of protein. Phosphorus and magnesium contribute to better grain performance and ensure uniform and faster ripening of the crop. Nitrogen has the greatest influence on grain quality, which, in addition to increasing yield, helps to increase the protein and fat content in grain.

Microelements

The role of microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B) in the mineral nutrition of plants as components of enzymatic systems—biocatalysts—can hardly be overestimated.

According to the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry named after. A. N. Sokolovsky UAAN, out of 32 million hectares of arable land in Ukraine, 18 million hectares (56%) have a low content of mobile zinc (about 0.20 mg/kg), 2,500,000 hectares (8%) of mobile copper (1, 5- 1.9 mg/kg), 8 million ha (25%) of mobile boron (0.3-0.5 mg/kg).

Table 4 Optimal soil acidity for better absorption of microelements by plants

Microelements cannot be replaced by other nutrients. Plants absorb from the soil a small part of microelements that are in mobile, easily accessible form, and immobile gross reserves of microelements can be available to plants after undergoing complex microbiological processes in the soil with the participation of humic acids and root secretions. Therefore, the gross content of microelements does not reflect the real picture of providing plants with microelements.

Microelements in the form of inorganic salts are available to plants in very small quantities and mainly on acidic soils; only molybdenum is absorbed by plants on slightly alkaline soils.

Corn plants require microelements for their nutrition. During the growing season, they absorb up to 800 g/ha of manganese, 350-400 g/ha of zinc, 70 g/ha of boron, 50-60 g/ha of copper. Very sensitive to zinc deficiency, moderately sensitive to boron and copper deficiency, and on alkaline soils - to manganese.

Zinc is an essential micronutrient for corn. It actively participates in enzymatic and metabolic processes, as well as the synthesis of proteins, chlorophyll and vitamins B, P, C, affects the processes of growth and development, increases resistance to adverse conditions, in particular frost. An increased content of phosphorus compounds in the soil leads to a lack of zinc. With a significant zinc deficiency, plants may not set heads. Plant growth decreases due to a reduction in the length of internodes. A sign of zinc deficiency are yellow stripes on young leaves on both sides between the veins, as well as a yellow or white color of the entire surface of young leaves.

Boron has a positive effect on flowering and head setting, and respiration processes. Lack of boron inhibits plant growth. Due to a lack of boron, especially on light soils, corn plants are observed to be tillering, internodes are reduced, the forks are deformed and partially do not contain seeds, gray, oblong necrotic spots appear on the leaves, young leaves curl, and the leaf surface is much smaller. Thanks to boron, the composition of nutrients in plants and their condition improves, the quality and quantity of pollen increases, more seeds are formed in the fork, and productivity increases.

Midge increases the protein and sugar content of grain, increases productivity, and resistance to disease. A copper deficiency can appear when large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus are added in dry and warm weather.

An effective way to provide plants with microelements is foliar feeding, mainly in phases of intensive growth and development, when nutrients are needed in large quantities, and the root system is not always able to absorb them in full as required. In stressful situations (drought, low temperatures, etc.), foliar feeding is practically the only way to provide certain nutrients, especially microelements. Even a small amount of them is very useful, since macro and microelements are contained in an easily accessible form and quickly penetrate the plant.

Microfertilizer "Nutrivant Plus grain" on corn is recommended to be used in critical phases of growth and development (in the phase of 3-5 leaves and 6-8 leaves) at 2 kg/ha.

Microfertilizer "Quantum-corn" is used for pre-sowing treatment at a rate of 3.5 l/t and for layer introduction of 1 l/ha "Quantum-corn" in the phase of 2-4 true leaves + 3 l/ha in the phase of 6-8 leaves.

Intermag corn (2 l/ha) is applied in the phase of 3-6 leaves and with the same rate plus Zinc Chelate Profit Mag (0.5 kg/ha) a second time in the phase of 6-10 leaves.

Source: Agribusiness Today

Why nitrogen is important for corn

Corn is a powerful plant with a developed root system.
Powerful roots actively absorb fertilizers and enrich the emerging ears with the resulting minerals. For corn, it is important to enrich it with minerals during all periods of growth and vegetative development. It is very important to fertilize corn regularly, because regularly growing plants in the fields significantly depletes the soil and deprives it of essential nutrients. The role of nitrogen in growing this plant is extremely important. Nitrogen supplements help:

• the formation of the most important proteins, nucleic acids, plant enzymes, which are used by plants to form new cells and gain weight;
• formation of ovaries, green mass, flowers and fruits;
• stimulation of fruiting;
• energy exchange and photosynthesis;
• increasing the protective qualities of the crop from various diseases and pests.

With proper application of nitrogenous fertilizers, corn quickly adapts to the winter period and regains strength for a new vegetative cycle. The quality and level of the harvest depends on nitrogen.

Where can you buy fertilizers?

Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the important components of plant growing technology, the content of the active substance in the fertilizer, the country of origin, supplier, date of production, method of storage and delivery to farms.

By choosing the right preparations, you can use the genetic potential of a particular corn hybrid and get good yields.

The Makos company offers agricultural producers the best choice of technologies, as well as plant protection products and corn fertilizers.

When choosing our products, we recommend viewing the catalog of mineral and microfertilizers from. Fertilizers with a high content of active substance and good solubility are more profitable to buy. Buy fertilizers only from trusted suppliers!

Advantages and disadvantages of fertilizers and folk remedies

The advantages include the following conditions:

• With the use of fertilizers, the plant receives all the necessary microelements, which are not enough on light soils;
• The plant gets sick less;
• The plant is less susceptible to pests;
• Productivity increases;
• The risk of land starvation for the next year is reduced.

The only disadvantages include inept handling of fertilizers:

• In the race for productivity, saturating the land with artificial fertilizers deprives it of fertility for a long time;
• Saturation of foods with microelements can cause allergies and chronic diseases in humans.

Correct use of fertilizers, both during the main autumn and spring periods, and foliar feeding, will bring a healthy, friendly harvest. If you are not sure whether you need to add a particular element, you should make sure and only then use it.

How to grow Bonduelle corn

In order to grow corn and get a good harvest, you must constantly monitor its condition and follow the rules prescribed for care. At the initial stage of planting, corn suitable for the Bonduelle brand requires special attention, since it is necessary not only to carry out the planting process, but also to prepare everything necessary for it. The technology for growing Bonduelle corn is generally no different from growing conventional varieties.

Preparation of planting material

If planting material is not prepared in advance, the yield level will decrease significantly. After the grains are collected, they are processed, cleaned and dried for next year. During storage, they are periodically pickled to reduce the risk of disease and contamination. In some individual cases, calibration is carried out so that the grains are the same size, but this procedure is not mandatory. But ventilation during the winter period is a condition that must be fulfilled so that the seeds do not become moldy or damaged.

Immediately before planting it is necessary to carry out heat treatment and soaking. Such actions will improve the germination process. Processing includes the following steps:

• Dry the seeds in direct sunlight for no more than 5 days;
• then they are placed in warm water for one hour, then dried;
• leave for an hour and a half in water whose temperature is 45 ° C, then dry again.

After processing, the grain must be disinfected. This procedure is carried out just before disembarkation.

Preparing the landing site

Once the site for planting has been selected, it is necessary to prepare it. It begins in the fall before the onset of the first cold weather. During this period of time, the soil needs to be dug up and organic fertilizers (for example, manure) added. It is also recommended to add superphosphate and potassium salt. In the spring, a couple of weeks before planting, nitrophoska is added. Immediately before the planting process itself, a plot of land must be raked to break up the top hard crust and lumps of soil.

Attention! If the same area will be used next year, then all plant remains must be removed and burned. The area must be completely cleared of the previous crop.

Landing rules

When planting corn under the Bonduelle brand, there are several points to consider:

1. The soil must be warm at the time of planting, its temperature is at least + 10-12 °C. One day before planting, nitrogen fertilizers are applied to the soil and immediately before they are loosened to approximately 10 cm in depth.
2. In garden conditions, it is better to sow corn in rows, so you should prepare them first. The distance between them should be 60 cm, and between the plants themselves in the row - 40 cm.
3. Both in the field and in garden plots, seeds are sown to a depth of 7 cm.

If corn is planted as seedlings, then holes are dug in the area before planting. Their size should be such that the rhizome penetrates the soil freely and without damage.

For more information on how to grow corn seedlings, watch the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFxMB2-M10A.

Watering and fertilizing

Varieties under the Bonduelle brand tolerate drought quite well. However, for the harvest to be fruitful, the plants must be watered regularly. The number and frequency of the procedure directly depend on weather conditions. For example, during dry periods, corn needs to be watered at least once a week. During flowering and ripening, the plant requires more moisture.

Important! After each watering, it is recommended to loosen the soil. This simplifies oxygen access to the root system.

In addition to the fertilizers that are applied to improve the fertility of the land, growing early corn for the Bonduelle brand requires fertilizing. It is applied when the soil lacks any one element. You can notice its deficiency by the appearance of leaves, inflorescences, cobs and other individual elements of plants. The minimum number of mandatory feedings is three. The first is applied two weeks after sowing. Typically, complex soluble fertilizers or substances of organic origin (manure) are used for this.

How to increase corn yield?

Corn in our country is grown in almost every region, which is not surprising if we take into account the profitability of this crop and the increased interest in it from European (and not only) exporting countries. In addition, high-quality corn grain has always sold well and is being sold on the domestic market. It is the economic component of the issue that is the main “trump card” in the sleeves of those agricultural producers who cultivate the “queen of the fields” from year to year, and at the same time constantly increase the acreage under it. How can you influence corn yield? Of course, for experienced farmers there is no secret in this matter: they know very well that in order to obtain not only high, but also high-quality yields of this grain plant, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the cultivation technology, which includes both protective measures and regular fertilization of crops. Like other agricultural crops, corn also needs adequate nutrition, which mineral fertilizers help provide. By the way, one of the most popular mineral products for corn is ammonium nitrate. Why?

How to neutralize chicken manure?

It is impossible to answer this question unequivocally, because everything depends on:

• soil acidity;
• acidity of litter;
• the optimal acidity value for a particular plant.

To determine the need for neutralization, you must do the following:

1. Measure the acidity of the soil using a pH meter. Measure the acidity of fresh manure and take into account the change in this parameter during the process of decay, because humus turns out to be 1-2 pH units more acidic.
2. Add the pH parameters of the soil and manure/humus, then find the arithmetic mean.
3. Find data on the optimal acidity level for the plant that is planned to be planted in the fertilized area.

If the arithmetic average pH of the fertilized soil turns out to be less than optimal for the plant, that is, more acidic, then the droppings will need to be neutralized using one of these substances:

• dolomite flour;
• lime;
• ash;
• construction chalk.

Types of ammonium nitrate

1. Nitrogen sulfate or another name Ammonium nitrate with sulfur is a nitrogen-sulfur fertilizer. Chemical formula: H12N4O7S. Available in several variations with different compositions and ratios of nitrogen and sulfur. Nitrogen sulfate grades: NS 26-14, NS 28-11, NS 32-5, NS 33-3, NS 30-6, NS 30-7

   Thus, the nitrogen content in the fertilizer ranges from 26% to 33%, sulfur from 3 to 14%.

   This is a granular fertilizer: it comes in brown or beige granules. Sulfur is present in nitrogen sulfate in a simple water-soluble and plant-available form.

   This combination of active ingredients increases the efficiency of plants' use of other nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus.

2. Ammonium nitrate grade B is a purely nitrogen fertilizer that does not contain sulfur or other elements.

   Chemical formula: NH4NO3. It is considered one of the most effective nitrogen fertilizers, and it is this fertilizer that is produced in Russia on the largest scale. Ammonium nitrate in powder is white; the fertilizer is available in granular form; depending on the additives used to reduce caking, it can be yellowish or reddish in color. The nitrogen content in ammonium nitrate is at least 34% - in nitrate and amide forms. The fertilizer quickly and completely dissolves in water.

   1 tablespoon holds 17 g of ammonium nitrate, a matchbox holds the same amount, and a glass contains about 170 g of ammonium nitrate.

Errors in applying fertilizers

Inexperienced gardeners make the following mistakes when using fertilizers:

Incorrect dosage. In this case, it is better to contribute less rather than more. Excess fertilizer leads to a rapid increase in green mass, but a decrease in the number of ears, a deterioration in their quality and nutritional value. Deadlines for submission. In the case of corn, this parameter is especially important: the plant is quite capricious and immediately reacts to untimely feeding. Uneven watering with fertilizers. Minerals “work” where they are added; they themselves do not spread in the soil

Therefore, it is important to monitor the correct and uniform concentration of the solution and the uniform distribution of fertilizer over the cultivated area. Watering the nutrient mixture onto dry soil. To ensure that the fertilizer is distributed evenly and does not burn the roots of the corn, the soil must be well watered several hours before the procedure. Using several types of fertilizers at once

This method may result in one composition minimizing the effect of another. For example, combining ammonium nitrate with alkali (lime or ash) will release ammonia gas. This will lead to almost complete neutralization of nitrogen in the soil. Therefore, before applying any fertilizer, you need to read the instructions.

Any varieties of corn need timely cultivation: sweet, starchy, filmy, etc. But for proper care, you need to remember about external factors that influence the growth and development of the plant: climate, soil structure and saturation, average rainfall. The combination of these components when growing corn is the key to a good harvest in quantitative and qualitative terms.