Photo: market.yandex.ru Unfortunately, fruit trees are often susceptible to various diseases. Breeders manage to develop new varieties with increased immunity, but it is impossible to insure against everything at once. Therefore, in order for pears to grow healthy and productive, you need to immediately become familiar with possible problems. We have already prepared a list of common diseases with descriptions and photographs, and also learned effective treatment methods!
Scab
The main enemy of most fruit crops is the ubiquitous scab. No gardener will be able to avoid it completely, even with an ideal selection of varieties and conditions. Olive spots on the leaves appear velvety, the fruits become covered with dark rot, and later become deformed and crack.
Choose scab-resistant varieties and maintain distances between plantings. Regularly loosen the soil, thin out the crowns and immediately remove the fallen wood. For prevention, spray pears three times with Bordeaux mixture, and for treatment - with Skor or other systemic fungicides.
Photo: 2sotki.ru
Improper care
The main mistakes gardeners make include waterlogging the soil and the tree itself, as well as irregular pruning and thinning of the crown.
The development of diseases is provoked by:
- excessive thickening of the crown (healthy ventilation of the shoots is excluded);
- increased humidity and improper watering (at high humidity, the active development of microorganisms is noticeable).
Excessive thickening of the crown provokes the development of diseases.
The most favorable conditions for parasites and infections are created when growing a tree in shaded areas.
Prevention of diseases and pests consists of:
- correct, regular pruning and thinning of the crown;
- moderate watering of the tree in accordance with weather and climatic conditions and the requirements of the variety;
- cleaning the trunk circle;
- removal of weeds and young growth.
Incorrect care often causes blackening of leaves.
Powdery mildew
The fungus is easy to detect because the pear leaves are covered with a whitish fluffy coating. In fact, these are myceliums with spores that spread the disease even faster, and the areas themselves dry out and die. Very young shoots and branches tolerate the disease the worst.
Always immediately remove diseased parts, thin out the crown and treat sections with antiseptics. A solution of potassium permanganate is a simple folk prevention that is gentle on plants. You can also use soda ash. For more thorough spraying, specialized fungicides are needed: Fundazol, Sulfite and analogues.
Photo: florapitomnik.ru
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How and with what to treat
Treatment of the tree must begin immediately after the first signs of the disease are detected.
Chemical and biological drugs
Strong chemicals are very toxic. They must be used strictly according to the rules described in the instructions.
To combat the fungus that causes blackening of leaves, use copper-containing products (Bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate). Treatments are carried out in autumn and spring. When buds form, you can use fungicides.
Bordeaux mixture and copper sulfate are used to combat fungus.
Recently, biological agents have become increasingly widespread. They show their effectiveness in the fight against bacterial burns. They are also used to combat other diseases. Common products are Fitoverm, Gamair, Fitolavin.
Biological drugs are not effective against sooty fungus.
Agrotechnical control methods
Agrotechnical measures are the main prevention of diseases and pests. To prevent the development of fungal diseases and insect parasites it is necessary:
- clean the tree trunk from fallen leaves;
- dig up the soil within the crown projection;
- Apply fertilizers in a timely manner to increase the pear’s immunity to disease.
Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied in the fall, and nitrogen-containing fertilizers in the spring. In summer, you can use special summer complex mineral compositions.
Folk remedies
Among lovers of folk remedies, dousing the plant with water has become a common method. A very strong stream of water from the hose is directed from top to bottom. The procedure is carried out over two weeks with an interval of two days.
For spraying, a solution is also prepared consisting of:
- 0.4 l of alcohol;
- 1 liter of water;
- 1 tbsp. l. liquid soap.
Treatment is carried out in the morning before sunrise.
Another recipe for an effective remedy:
- Half a kilogram of any herb is poured into 3 liters of water and left to infuse for 3-4 days.
- After three to four days, a handful of wood ash is added to the infusion. The mixture is mixed well.
- The resulting mixture is filtered and diluted with water to obtain 10 liters of solution.
An infusion of herbs with ash is sprayed on trees at any time during the growing season.
The prepared composition is sprayed on trees at any time during the growing season.
Cytosporosis
This type of rot primarily affects the tree trunk. The bark turns red, and then gradually dries and cracks. The fungus takes root best in areas already damaged by the sun or frost.
Using a sterile and very sharp knife, carefully cut off the diseased bark, slightly extending onto the healthy part. Treat with an antiseptic and cover with a mixture of clay and mullein. During the season, inspect the trees and remove diseased or dead branches.
Photo: barra.com.ua
Prevention methods
Blackening of foliage or fruits can be avoided through regular preventive measures:
- Regular tree pruning (sanitary and thinning).
- Disinfection of garden tools (before and after use).
- Fertilizer application. A lack of nutrients leads to a decrease in pear resistance to various diseases and pests.
- Proper moderate watering. Excess moisture provokes the development of pathogenic fungi. Lack of moisture reduces the protective functions of the tree and also causes disease.
- Protecting the tree from frost. In autumn, trees need to be whitened, which will protect them from frost damage. Young pears, as well as mature trees that are weakly resistant to frost, require additional insulation.
The root system of pears can withstand temperatures down to minus 16°C. In regions with sufficient snow cover, additional insulation of the tree trunk circle is not required. In winter, it is enough to add fallen snow to the tree.
In regions with little snow, the tree trunk circle should be mulched in the fall. Peat, rotted sawdust, compost or crushed tree bark are poured in a layer about 15 cm high. In the spring, the mulch is replaced. The layer of organic matter can be removed or the soil under the tree can be dug up along with it.
If black leaves are detected, it is necessary to assess their degree of damage and analyze the growing conditions of the pear. The cause of the anomaly may be diseases or pests. It is necessary to pay attention to the presence of other symptoms, and if they are detected, treat the garden. Blackening of leaves can be caused by a deficiency of certain microelements. An important aspect of garden health is disease and pest prevention. Mandatory agrotechnical measures must be carried out annually, and capricious varieties of pears require the most careful attention.
How do you treat tree diseases in your garden and prevent their occurrence? Share your experience in the comments.
Moniliosis
This is the same fruit rot that can destroy an entire crop if a couple of infected fruits get into a storage box. First, brown spots appear on the pear, and then they gradually disperse and become covered with bumps. The fruit becomes soft and loose, especially in the hot and humid last days of summer.
Thin out the crowns in a timely manner and make sure that nothing interferes with air circulation, and also immediately destroy infected fruits. In the spring, spray the pear with Bordeaux mixture and Hom. Periodically treat the planting with lime milk. Strengthen the immunity of trees with foliar fertilizing from a complex bio-cocktail.
Photo: pro-dachu.com
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Types of pear diseases
Pear diseases can be divided according to their most common location. Although some of them may appear on some parts at once.
Pear fruit diseases
In this list, diseases that appear on the fruits themselves spoil the appearance and taste:
- scab;
- fruit stonyness;
- fruit rot (moniliosis);
- sooty fungus.
Pear leaf diseases
These diseases manifest themselves on the leaves, thereby negatively affecting the nutrition process and, accordingly, growth:
- powdery mildew;
- phyllosticosis;
- mosaic;
- leaf rust.
Diseases of the trunk and roots
These diseases are the most dangerous. They are not immediately visible, and the symptoms may be similar to those of other diseases:
- bark cancer;
- root cancer;
- grooved wood;
- European cancer;
- cytosporosis;
- black cancer
Detailed articles about the main diseases of pear:
Sooty fungus Rust Phyllostictosis Pear cancer Pimples and growths Lichens Spots on leaves Bark diseases Leaves turn black Pear scab Fruit rot Leaves lighten
Rust
Rust is easy to detect on any fruit crop due to the bright red spots that cover the leaves. Later, the disease spreads to the fruits - and such pears must be destroyed.
At the end of autumn, be sure to remove leaves and plant sediments, because most fungi overwinter in them. In the spring, spray the pears with Bordeaux mixture, and before winter, treat everything together with the soil with Urea. During the season, carry out preventive spraying with systemic fungicides 3-5 times.
Photo: sovet-ok.ru
Lack of microelements
As the tree ages and increases in productivity, it requires more and more nutrition. The content of microelements in the soil must be balanced. A deficiency of certain substances causes blackening of the foliage and decreased immunity of the tree.
Potassium
The most characteristic sign of potassium deficiency is drying out of the edges of the leaf blade. Over time, the structure of the entire plate changes. The leaves turn black and look burnt. The foliage of old and lower branches is most vulnerable.
The most characteristic sign of potassium deficiency is drying out of the edge of the leaf blade.
With a severe lack of potassium, shoots die by the end of summer. Fruit ripening occurs unevenly, and autumn leaf fall is delayed.
Iron
At the initial stages, the leaves turn yellow, later they lighten and become almost white. The edges of the leaves die, the tips turn brown.
Ultimately, the yield decreases and the quality of the fruit deteriorates. Young growths may die completely.
Most often the problem appears on calcareous soils. In them, iron is presented in a form that the pear absorbs with great difficulty. Even if the soil contains a sufficient amount of iron, the tree feels its deficiency.
Iron deficiency occurs when there is an excess of copper, manganese and zinc. Therefore, feeding must be balanced.
Zinc
With a lack of zinc, the leaves dry out and turn black. The deficiency of the element is also reflected in the fruits. They become smaller, and their skin becomes covered with dark spots and compactions. With a severe lack of elements, the leaves and sometimes the branches become deformed.
With a lack of zinc, the leaves dry out and turn black.
Calcium
Lack of fertilizers containing calcium makes the tree vulnerable to sunburn. The leaves become covered with dark spots and sometimes curl.
Deficiency affects the taste of the fruit. Spots appear on the pulp, and the possibility of long-term storage is excluded.
Phosphorus
A lack of phosphorus is indicated by dulling of the leaves. Gradually the foliage dries out, darkens or turns black.
Young shoots do not develop and become deformed. Old branches may lose all their foliage.
The timing of flowering and ripening of the crop is slowed down, but the foliage falls earlier than usual.
If there is a lack of phosphorus, trees are fed with superphosphate, and in acidic soils with phosphorite. To quickly resuscitate pears, potassium monophosphate is used. Prepare a solution at the rate of 20 g of substance per bucket of water.
Potassium monophosphate is used to quickly resuscitate pears.
Copper
The main symptom is the darkening and curling of pear leaves. The tops of young shoots dry out.
Copper deficiency in soil is rare. A deficiency of the element is most often encountered on peat or turf soil.
As a rule, those pears that are regularly treated with copper-containing preparations in early spring to prevent fungal diseases do not experience copper deficiency.
Bor
The leaves become smaller, curl, and fall off early. Later, necrotic formations appear on the changed foliage at the tip of the plate and along its edges.
Not only the leaves, but also the young shoots turn black and deformed. The taste of the fruit and its appearance deteriorate. As a result, the growth of the entire tree is suppressed.
In case of boron deficiency, plants are sprayed with a solution of boric acid at the rate of 5 g of the substance per 10 liters of water. The procedure is carried out in early summer, as soon as the fruits begin to set.
In case of boron deficiency, plants are sprayed with a solution of boric acid
Once every 3 years, you can apply boron fertilizers for digging at the rate of 500 g per 10 square meters. m of land.
Bacterial burn
This disease is typical for pome crops and appears at the flowering stage. The leaves turn black, the inflorescences turn brown and fly off, weak shoots die, and the bark cracks. Bacteria are most often carried by insects, but sometimes wind and an unfortunate neighborhood are enough. Even resistant varieties then take several years to recover.
All affected pear branches and shoots must be cut off, including the healthy part by 15 cm or more. Treat the sections with a concentrated antibiotic solution and spray the entire tree with it. During the season, use Bordeaux mixture regularly - up to 9-10 times if necessary.
Photo: farmer.blog
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Pest infestation
Parasites damage all parts of the tree. They can feed on young buds and destroy inflorescences and ovaries. Already formed fruits also suffer from pests. Infection of a pear with parasites is fraught with loss of yield and a serious decrease in immunity.
Medyanitsa
Adult insects overwinter in the bark of the tree, as well as in damage on the branches. In the spring they lay eggs.
As a result of the vital activity of parasites, sticky substances are released, which often cause the pear to become infected with sooty fungus.
Adult insects overwinter in the bark of the tree, as well as in damage on the branches.
They begin to fight the copperhead in the spring. With the onset of the first warm days, spraying is carried out. The drugs Aktara, Sherla, Fastak, Dimilin are suitable.
The procedure is carried out in several stages, choosing sunny and windless days.
Approximate development phases of the pest:
- during the active life of adult individuals;
- before flowering - to destroy the larvae;
- after flowering - to destroy the remaining larvae.
Among the folk methods, soap-kerosene emulsion is often used. Kerosene is mixed with laundry soap dissolved in water. Spray the tree in the spring to destroy overwintered pests.
Gall mite
At the beginning of the growing season, the gall mite infects young buds. Signs become obvious at the stage of bud break. The leaves become covered with black spots and dry out over time.
At the beginning of the growing season, parasites infect young buds
The first treatment is carried out before the buds open. It is not recommended to use chemicals on blooming foliage.
Treatments are carried out in two to three stages with an interval of 10 days. The drugs chosen are Decis, Karbofos, Inta-Vir, Keltan.
leaf roller
The parasite chews off the edges of the leaves, causing them to wither and curl.
In autumn, dead “scales” are removed from the bark. The cleaned trunk is coated with lime solution or garden paint. In the spring, the trunk is inspected for the presence of frost holes, the bark is cleaned, treated with a solution of copper sulfate (1%) and covered with garden pitch.
The parasite gnaws the edges of leaves, causing them to wither and curl.
For control, special insecticides are used at intervals of several weeks. The processing rules are indicated in the instructions attached to the selected drug.
As a rule, the first preventive treatment is carried out in the spring, even before the buds awaken (at a temperature of 4 °C, Preparation 30 can be used).
For the prevention and control of pests, you can use the drugs Decis, Binom, Desant, Terradim and other potent chemicals. They can be used only before the fruit mass begins to increase.
Aphid
A common pest that becomes noticeable in early spring. From the first days of active life, aphids seriously damage young leaves. They curl and darken a little. With severe damage, the leaves turn black and die.
Aphids settle on the tops of shoots. Small colonies can be dealt with using folk remedies. With a small spread of the parasite, only long-term complex treatment using chemicals will help.
A common pest that becomes noticeable in early spring.
In early spring, the drug Kinmiks is effective. In the phase of bud formation - Agravertine, and after flowering - Iskra.
After fruit set, you can use traditional methods:
- Infusion of ash. 300 g of ash is dissolved in 10 liters of water. The mixture is brought to a boil, then boiled for 30 minutes. Cool, filter and add 50 g of grated laundry soap.
- Ammonia solution. 2 tbsp. dissolve in 10 liters of water. To better fix the solution on the pear, add about 40 g of laundry soap to it.
- Infusion of tomato tops. 1 kg of fresh or dry tops is poured into 10 liters of warm water and left for 3 hours. Strain the solution, add laundry soap to it.
Spraying is carried out in the evening with an interval of one to one and a half weeks. After rain, the treatment is repeated.
Sooty fungus
A specific fungus is characteristic of pears and some other fruit crops. A black coating is visible on the surface, which really looks like soot. It disperses more actively on trees infected with aphids, which secrete sugary substances.
The disease first affects weak plants, so it is important to strengthen the immune system and fertilize the plantings. Always use insecticides against aphids and other pests, like Calypso. At the same time, spray the pear with mild fungicides, like Fitoverm.
Photo: d-collection-shop.ru
Why do pears get sick?
Pear diseases harm not only the fruits, but also the foliage, branches and root system.
Ignoring the problem can lead to the death of the plant. Diseases occur for several reasons:
- infection with various bacteria;
- fungal infection;
- infection with viral infections;
- improper care of the plant.
Disease-affected pear leaves.
Black cancer
The disease affects the branches and trunk of the pear with brown spots that darken, crack and rupture to the cambium. Cancer can develop over several years, and is usually accompanied by other infections, because weakened immunity and open wounds are susceptible to any fungi and microbes.
Diseased wood cannot be cured, so it must be completely cut out along with the healthy part around it. Treat the knife with an antiseptic and the wound with copper sulfate. Cover the damaged area with a garden mixture of clay and mullein.
Photo: garden.hozvo.ru
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Viral infections
Viral diseases cause irreparable damage to the plant. The infection is spread by insects, nematodes, single-celled organisms and fungi.
Mosaic
The disease most often affects young seedlings. The virus can be transmitted through pollen or through damaged areas of the bark. Aphids are also quite common carriers of the disease.
A feature of the mosaic disease is the appearance of light spots on the surface of the leaves. As a result, the foliage dies, the tree weakens, and the yield begins to fall.
It is impossible to cure mosaicism, so the only way out in case of infection is to uproot the pear.
Mosaic pattern of pear leaves.
Viral spotting
The carriers of viral spotting are most often aphids and psyllids. The fruits on the affected tree harden and their taste deteriorates. When neglected, the pear yield decreases.
A distinctive feature of the disease is the appearance of white spots on the foliage and the appearance of cracks on the trunk and shoots. Affected fruits also often become deformed and lose their marketable appearance.
A pear affected by viral spotting cannot be cured. The diseased plant can only be uprooted and burned.
To prevent the occurrence of the disease, it is necessary to regularly spray with Nutrofen, Zineb, Copper Oxide and Bordeaux mixture.
Pear leaf spot.
Fruit stonyness
The cause of fetal stonyness is the Pear stony pit virus. After damage, the tree bark becomes covered with cracks, and the veins on the foliage acquire a yellow tint. In advanced cases, the fruits become smaller and deformed. The pear pulp becomes hard and tasteless.
The stonyness of the fruit is practically untreatable and the affected pear can only be uprooted.
Stonyness of pear fruits.
Witch's broom
Apple tree proliferation, panicle or witch's broom is a rather dangerous viral disease. Pear and quince are mainly susceptible to infection by the virus.
Viruses cause abnormal growth of shoots. Many thin branches begin to grow from dormant buds, forming a rounded density at the edges of the main branches. The foliage on such shoots is not able to fully develop and eventually curls and falls off.
Witch's broom cannot be treated, so the diseased plant is destroyed to prevent infection of neighboring trees.
Witch's broom on a pear.
Grooving of wood
The disease most often occurs in young trees under 3 years old. Swelling occurs on the affected bark, and then the surface begins to crack.
The virus disrupts the transfer of nutrients between the root system and leaves. This leads to the fact that the tree stops growing and developing, the shoots dry out, and the foliage curls. Over time, the pear stops bearing fruit.
Furrowing of wood cannot be treated and the infected plant should be burned along with the rhizome.
Grooving of pear wood.
