Goblet rust is a fungal disease that manifests itself on flowers, ovaries, and leaves. The causative agent is Puccinia ribesicaricis Kleb. Signs of the disease appear in early spring, when spermogonia, that is, yellow-brown spots, form on the outside of the leaf.
At the same time, goblet-shaped aecia become noticeable on the inside of the leaf - bright orange growths, similar to pads, which burst during ripening and release brightly colored aeciospores.
Types of rust on blackcurrant leaves
Rust is a fungal disease that affects trees and shrubs. Currants suffer from two types of this infection: columnar and goblet.
They differ in the following ways:
- pathogen fungus (determined in laboratory conditions);
- lesion color;
- shape of spots.
Based on the combination of these signs, the type of rust is determined, which is then used to guide the choice of control method.
Attention! Determining the type of fungus in laboratory conditions is not necessary. This method is used on garden plantations.
glass-shaped
Goblet rust appears when a fungus of the species Puccinia ribesii caricis gets on the plant. More often than others, this fungus develops on currant and gooseberry bushes.
The development cycle looks like this:
- The spores fall on the intermediate host (sedge or conifers).
- The mushroom germinates, develops and produces new fruits.
- In spring, spores from the opened fruits fly to the bush.
- The body of the fungus develops on the leaves.
- The spores mature and are carried by the wind to intermediate hosts.
This completes the cycle.
Columnar
Columnar rust appears as brown spots on the upper side of the leaf. At the same time, orange growths are visible on the lower part. This is the mycelium of the mushroom. Over time, filamentous spores develop and leaves fall off prematurely.
Interesting! When a bush is infected with columnar rust in the summer, the plant loses up to 25% of its foliage.
Features of the columnar rust disease:
- wet weather favors the development of the parasite;
- in dense thickets with tall weeds, the risk of infection is higher;
- susceptibility to the disease depends on the variety and age of the plant;
- the likelihood of infection by the fungus is higher if pruned branches and fallen leaves have not been removed in the fall.
Prevention and control measures are carried out by analogy with the goblet variety of pathology.
Rating of varieties resistant to rust
To prevent planting from rust, you should choose varieties that are resistant to fungal attack. Among the most popular currant varieties that are immune to various types of rust are:
- Katyusha;
- Belarusian sweet;
- Primorsky champion;
- Dove;
- Zoya;
- Maryushka;
- Grace;
- Semiramis;
- Black veil.
Only healthy currant bushes will produce a large harvest of large and juicy berries for 10 years. To protect plantings from rust, a gardener must have certain knowledge.
Compliance with the rules of agricultural technology, carrying out preventive measures, regular inspection of planting in order to identify problems is the key to currant health.
Characteristic
Characteristics of the pathogen that are important to the gardener include:
- conditions of reproduction and development;
- external manifestations;
- possible harm;
- control measures.
It is very important to monitor the condition of the bush and use preventive measures. After all, there are diseases that do not seriously affect the harvest. Such diseases can be neglected.
However, rust negatively affects the yield and viability of the bush. Therefore, every gardener should know its characteristics.
When should we expect the first manifestations?
Shrub infection occurs in the spring. Then the first signs become noticeable:
- browning of leaves;
- goblet-shaped reproductive organs on the underside of the leaf;
- bubble structure of outgrowths.
However, these signs are noticeable only upon detailed examination of the leaf. Most gardeners do not have time for such an inspection.
The disease is clearly visible in the summer, when the leaves fly off the bush at an uncharacteristic time of year. Having noticed this trend, the garden owner should definitely pay attention to it. Collecting and examining foliage will give an idea of the disease and help make the correct diagnosis.
Symptoms and signs of damage with photos
At different stages of development, the disease looks different. Over the course of a year, the manifestations of currant rust vary from invisible to obvious.
From early spring until the end of the growing season, rust looks like:
- small black spots on leaves. They are almost invisible, but this is where the infection begins;
- orange goblet-shaped growths on the underside;
- a scattering of orange dust around the bush is fungal spores;
- browning of the upper part of the leaf;
- shedding of leaves in summer.
All these signs appear sequentially, demonstrating the life cycle of the fungus.
Consequences of rust stains
Early damage and loss of foliage is not in vain for the plant. As a result of leaf loss, the photosynthetic capacity of currants decreases. Accordingly, it is able to store less organic matter.
Consequences of the disease for the garden:
- decrease in yield;
- young shoots stop developing;
- the crown is formed incorrectly;
- the disease spreads to neighboring plants.
Important! If rust is detected on currants, be sure to check the gooseberry bushes. These two species are more susceptible to the disease than others.
Causes
The appearance of goblet rust on currants indicates that not far from the site there are thickets of sedge, which is a natural reserve for this type of fungus. It is on this plant that the spores spend the winter, and in the spring the infection begins to spread to plantings of cultivated plants. Currants are not resistant to this type of fungus and become infected very easily.
Goblet rust often affects pine and Siberian cedar - these coniferous trees can also become a source of infection. The incubation period of the disease lasts 10 days. The spread of infection is significantly influenced by weather. The higher the temperature and humidity, the faster the fungus multiplies. In dry weather there are practically no outbreaks of the disease.
How to fight?
The fight against glass rust, as with other diseases, consists of several stages:
- Strategic - long-term preventive measures: choosing resistant varieties, observing planting steps, planning the garden area.
- Preventative - annual care activities that prevent diseases: weeding, pruning, spraying, mulching.
- Fighter. It is used when infection has already occurred.
The extermination stage consists of collecting and destroying infected leaves, spraying with pesticides, and treating with folk remedies.
Treatment with drugs
Today, there are specialized drugs against goblet rust. Also, general disinfectants are used in everyday life to prevent the development of the pathogen.
In practical activities the following are used:
- Previkur;
- Topaz;
- Fitosporin;
- Speed;
- Bordeaux mixture;
- copper sulfate;
- Cuproxat.
These are the main drugs used to combat rust.
Previkur
Treatment with Previkur makes sense for preventive and therapeutic purposes. After detection and identification of the disease (in summer or spring), spraying is carried out.
Procedure for preparing the working solution:
- Measure out 1.5 ml of the drug.
- Dilute the product in 1 liter of water.
- Mix and pour into a sprayer.
Important! The solution is prepared immediately before use. Leftovers cannot be stored.
Spraying is done early in the morning or in the evening. Another condition is that the weather must be dry. Rain will wash away the drug and it will not be beneficial.
Score
Skor is a universal drug against bacterial and fungal infections. It is used for fruit and berry bushes and trees, as well as grapevines.
An important feature of this chemical composition is that it is effective only in the early stages of the development of the disease. Therefore, it is advisable to use it in the fight against glass rust only in the spring.
Preparation of working solution:
- Measure out 5 ml of concentrate.
- Fill a bucket with 5 liters of water and heat it in the sun.
- Dissolve the medicine.
- Treat the plant.
Currants are sprayed with a spray bottle with small holes for better dispersion.
Fitosporin
Fitosporin differs from other drugs in its principle of action. If the above-mentioned fungicides infect the pathogenic fungus directly, then this substance has a different tactic. Fitosporin contains bacteria, the waste products of which are destructive to the pathogen. Poisoning continues until the pest disappears completely.
Possible forms of release:
- powder;
- paste;
- liquid.
The proportions for each release form are different. The product packaging contains instructions that contain a detailed description of the method of use depending on the intended purpose. This drug is widely used: both for herbaceous and woody plants. In addition, it has a very wide range of effects.
Interesting! Fitosporin does not have a negative effect on the harvest, even if the bush was treated during fruiting or flowering.
Topaz
This fungicide also has a unique tactic: it prevents the germination of spores. The fungus cannot reproduce, the old fruiting bodies die off, and the disease recedes. Another feature of the drug Topaz is its limited shelf life. After its completion, use is unacceptable: changes in the composition can destroy the plant.
Step-by-step instructions for spraying black currants:
- Measure out 4 ml of the drug.
- Pour the fungicide into 10 liters of water.
- To stir thoroughly.
- Prepare for spraying.
It is necessary to spray the solution not only on obviously damaged areas, but on the entire area of the bush. Infection does not always manifest itself externally, but this does not guarantee its absence.
Bordeaux liquid
Bordeaux liquid is a spontaneous invention of an overly economical Frenchman. A solution of slaked lime and copper sulfate is used by gardeners as a universal remedy:
- for fertilizing plants;
- for protection against pests and diseases;
- for the prevention of diseases.
To prepare the solution, use 300 g of copper sulfate and the same amount of lime. The powder is diluted in 10 liters of water. The resulting liquid is sprayed onto the mushroom-infected shrub.
Important! Both components of the liquid are extremely toxic, so precautions must be taken: wear a respirator and rubber gloves, and thoroughly wash exposed areas of the body after treatment.
Using the drug too often is also undesirable. This has a bad effect on the composition of the soil, where the remaining liquid is washed off, as well as on the quality of the fruit.
Copper sulfate
In the absence or unwillingness to work with lime, it is permissible to use copper sulfate as an independent fungicide. In Bordeaux mixture, lime is used to soften the composition to make the solution less aggressive. When copper sulfate is used alone, it has to be diluted more with water.
Cooking method:
- 50 g of copper sulfate is dissolved in a small amount of water.
- Bring to a homogeneous mass.
- Pour the concentrate into a 5-liter bucket.
- Fill the sprayer with liquid.
- Processing is carried out.
It is important to take into account the fact that copper treatment poisons the fruits - they should be thoroughly washed before use.
Cuproxat
Cuproxate is a copper-based drug. Sold as a liquid concentrate in a canister. Includes:
- copper sulfate;
- copper pentahydrate;
- ammonia.
To process blackcurrant bushes you will need about 20 liters of working fluid or another amount depending on the size of the area. For this volume you will need to dilute 10 ml of concentrate. It is permissible to process shrubs only in a respirator to protect the respiratory tract.
What danger does currant bushes pose?
Rust is a dangerous fungal disease. By affecting the currant bush, it contributes to its gradual death. If left untreated, by the end of summer the lower part of the leaves becomes covered with rust. The spots grow and change their shade to brown and red. The fungus covers the entire affected area.
The currant bush begins to change in appearance. The leaves become hard and terry. The berries are covered with an orange coating. They can no longer be eaten. Then the fruits dry out and fall off. The bush, due to the disease, is greatly weakened. In this state, he goes to winter. As a result, in the spring the shoots remain frozen and cannot subsequently begin to ripen.
Fighting with folk methods
Traditional methods of combating glass rust are based on the antiseptic effect of publicly available materials. The following were used as bases for preparations:
- soda;
- curdled milk;
- tobacco dust;
- garlic;
- manure.
The recipes have survived to this day, passed down through experience from generation to generation. All these methods, although supported by a logical basis, are not effective enough compared to modern drugs. However, if due to circumstances or personal beliefs the use of specialized means is impossible, traditional methods become a good alternative.
Soda solution
The preparation of soda solution has several variations. The classic way is to mix baking soda with water. However, other ingredients are also used to enhance the effect:
- Add 4 teaspoons of baking soda to 1 liter of warm water.
- Mix 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil or grated laundry soap into the solution to better fix the fungicide on the leaves.
- Mix all ingredients.
The resulting liquid is sprayed on the affected bush in the early morning or evening. It is preferable that the weather be dry and windless.
Interesting! If some of the liquid remains unused, it can be used to water the garden plot or moisten the compost heap.
Treat with manure
An infusion of manure is also used to spray diseased bushes. To do this you need to follow the recipe:
- Cow dung is poured with twice the volume of water.
- Leave to infuse for 2 weeks.
- After the expiration of the period, dilute again with a volume of water 2 times greater than the original.
- The solution is ready for use.
It is important to remember that in order to avoid changing the taste of currant fruits, it is recommended to spray with this composition outside of fruiting.
Dairy products
Such compositions are based on the activity of lactic acid bacteria contained in drinks. They are the ones who have a healing effect.
People use the following as a basis for such preparations:
- kefir;
- curdled milk;
- fermented baked milk;
- serum.
The active substance is diluted with warm water in a ratio of 1:10. The solution is ready for use immediately after preparation. This composition is suitable for treating plants on cloudy days and in the evening.
How to treat with tobacco dust?
Tobacco dust refers to waste from the production of cigarettes and similar products. It is purchased in stores specializing in gardening and vegetable products. The product attracts gardeners with its low cost and versatility: the tobacco dust solution protects against both fungal infections and insect pests.
Prepare a solution for spraying as follows:
- 100 g of raw materials are poured into 1 liter of boiling water.
- Boil the mixture over low heat for half an hour.
- Leave covered to cool on its own.
- Dissolve 1 tbsp. l. soap for better fixation on the leaves.
This infusion is used for spraying bushes. It is important to remember that tobacco dust is not used during the harvest season. During the ripening of berries, it is also worth limiting the use of such a decoction.
Garlic
Garlic is widely used for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. Not only people, but also plants act as patients.
Method for preparing garlic concentrate:
- Grind 2 heads of garlic into a paste.
- Add 1 tbsp. l. liquid soap.
- Dissolve in 250 ml of water.
This mixture keeps well in the refrigerator. If necessary, spray the currants by diluting the pulp with 4 liters of water.
Soil care: what to do?
Soil care plays an important role in growing currants. If all necessary measures are taken, the plant will be resistant to pests and diseases.
Main measures for soil care:
- weeding;
- loosening;
- mulching;
- application of fertilizers.
If all activities are carried out in accordance with the agricultural techniques for cultivating black currants, the risk of contracting diseases is reduced.
Prevention of fungal pathology
To avoid infection of black currants with rust and other fungal infections, it is necessary to follow the list of preventive measures:
- spraying with fungicides;
- selection of a resistant variety;
- agrotechnical care;
- fertilization;
- destruction of intermediate “hosts”.
All these measures taken together reduce the likelihood of currant infection by pathogens. It is easier to prevent a disease than to treat plants or lose crops.
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Preventive actions
It is easier to prevent any disease than to treat cultivated vegetation later. To prevent the occurrence of fungal diseases on currants, favorable conditions should be created for the development of the bush.
Standard preventive measures include:
- cleaning the area adjacent to the berry garden in the fall with further burning of plant residues;
- digging up the soil before winter;
- regular pruning of diseased, weak, deformed and broken shoots;
- removal of branches that have reached five years of age with mandatory processing of cuts;
- regular weeding of the root zone and loosening of the soil (loosening should be done twice a year or more);
- application of phosphorus-potassium mixes for planting;
- Irrigation of plantings with boiling water in the spring before buds open.
