Autumn treatment of grapes from diseases and pests

0

1497

Article rating

Kira Stoletova

Grapes are a popular crop among gardeners. Its fruits are used in cooking, medicine and winemaking. The plant requires care and does not tolerate cold well. In order for the bush to survive the winter normally, the grapes must be processed in the fall. It includes pruning and chemical treatment.

Autumn processing of grapes

Trimming

Caring for grapes in preparation for winter begins with pruning. The preparatory stage takes place immediately after harvesting the fruits. The branches are cleared of fruiting segments, weak shoots and tops that interfere with the development of fruits. Autumn processing of grapes begins during leaf fall.

First of all, young shoots on perennial segments are removed. Choose those that formed at a height of 60 cm and below. For the remaining shoots, 2-4 cm are removed from the top. All side stepsons are also trimmed.

After some time, the main shoots are selected and left for the winter. A replacement knot is formed in the lower part. To do this, cut off the eyes on the main lower branches, leaving 3-4 pieces.

Opposite shoots located higher are not cut off as much. They are used as a fruit arrow. 6-10 eyes are left on them, depending on the diameter.

Only the strongest and most perennial trunks are left in the vineyard. Several buds are left on the sleeves for future fruiting. All branches are removed from the trellis and placed on the ground parallel to the growth of the vine.

Spraying

Autumn spraying of grapes is carried out against pests and viral diseases. Several groups of drugs are used to prevent diseases.

Insecticides for insect control:

• "Tiovit Jet";
• "Inta-Vir";
• "Phosbecide";
• "Cidial";
• "Aktelik";
• "Etaphos";
• "Zolon."

Acaricides to combat ticks and spiders:

• "DNOC";
• "Talstar";
• "Karate";
• "Apollo"
• "Bi-58 New";
• "Neoron".

Treatment is carried out in the fall

Fungicides to combat viruses and infectious diseases:

• "Ordan";
• "Topaz";
• "Bordeaux mixture";
• "Idol";
• "Kolosal";
• "Serocin";
• "Fthalan";
• "Strobe";
• "Horus";
• "Acian";
• "Eupren."

Treatment of grapevines is carried out in the fall, when chemicals will not harm the fruits. Spraying is done for each bush. Prevention helps prevent the plant from becoming infected and helps it withstand the cold.

What preparations should I spray?

To protect grapes, there are a large number of modern drugs, each of which helps in the fight against certain diseases and pests. Their main classification is based on impact groups.

Insecticides

They are substances that fight leaf-eating insects and pests. They help in the fight against grape budworm, caterpillars, chafers, phylloxera, and aphids. There are contact and systemic drugs.

Contact substances act directly on pests, destroying them and their offspring. Examples: Kinmiks, Avant, Agravertine, Admiral, Akarin

Systemic drugs penetrate deep into plants and affect insects during feeding. Examples: Aktara, Biotlin, Calypso, Commander.

Attention! Most insecticides are toxic. Precautions should be taken during processing.

Acaricides

Used to combat spider mites or herbivorous mites. There are acaricides of contact and systemic action.

Contact preparations have a local effect, affecting the ticks themselves or their larvae. It is necessary to thoroughly process the plant, wetting all its parts, including the forks of the sleeves and areas with peeling bark. Precipitation significantly reduces the effectiveness of the drugs and requires repetition of procedures. Examples are Apollo, Actellik, Neoron, Omite.

Systemic acaricides penetrate plant tissue and are transferred to all parts of the plant. This significantly reduces the number of applications and has a quick effect, eliminating the need for thorough spraying. Effective drugs: Mitak, Propargit, Masai.

Important! Many acaricides are dangerous to bees. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out treatments before flowering so as not to disrupt the pollination process.

Fungicides

They are chemicals used to combat fungal diseases. The worst of them are mildew, oidium, anthracnose, spotting and rot. The causative agents of the disease are fungi, which can not only completely destroy the crop, but also destroy the entire vineyard.

There are protective and healing drugs. Protective products are used for prophylactic purposes to prevent diseases. Treatments are used to treat plants before and after damage, until cure.

According to the method of exposure, contact and systemic drugs are distinguished. Contact ones have a local effect without penetrating deeply into the tissues of the cultures. They form a protective film on the surface, upon contact with which the fungal spores die. However, such substances do not have a long-term effect, and their effectiveness is significantly reduced after precipitation.

Examples of contact fungicides are: Bordeaux mixture, Copper sulfate, Zineb, Polycarbacin, Colloidal sulfur, Thiovit, Jet and many others. The frequency of treatments is from 6 to 8 per season.

Important! It is necessary to carefully and evenly treat the plant with preparations. Leaves should also be sprayed from the underside. The procedures must be repeated several times at strict intervals. It is impossible to skip treatments, otherwise this is fraught with the rapid development of diseases.

Systemic fungicides are quickly absorbed, penetrate deep into the tissue and move throughout the plant, destroying foci of infection everywhere. They are not washed away by precipitation. The effect after such treatment occurs instantly, which makes it possible to cure the vineyard in the first days after treatment. This significantly reduces the number of spraying procedures required.

Advice! It is recommended to periodically change fungicides so as not to cause addiction to pathogens.

The frequency of treatments is 2 - 3 times. Typically, procedures are carried out before, after flowering and a month before the harvest ripens. Well-proven fungicides are Ridomil gold, Quadris, mancozeb, Folpan, Strobi, Vectra, Falcon, etc.

Copper sulfate

The advantage of treating grapevines with copper sulfate in the fall is that it is non-toxic. The substance does not harm humans if it remains on the branches or gets into the ground. Copper sulfate affects the resistance of bushes to frost. It is forbidden to use iron in the fall: it has the opposite effect.

The liquid should be sprayed on the vine and soil near the bush after the leaves fall. For better penetration of the product, remove leaves from the soil. Spraying the vineyard takes place in 2 stages with an interval of 20 days.

It is important to spray before the onset of frost. Vitriol creates an airtight shell on the surface, which retains heat in the branches and does not allow pests to penetrate.

For spraying, the substance is diluted in warm water in a ratio of 1 to 40. The liquid is mixed until smooth. To enhance the preventive effect, slaked lime is added.

The vineyard is processed within 3 hours after preparation. After this, the solution will begin to thicken, which will not allow it to be used with a sprayer. For 1 plant use 1.5-2 liters of solution.

How to choose the time for autumn grape processing

First of all, it is important to understand that treatment before sheltering for winter is carried out in dry weather. In the second half of autumn there are not very many such days. Then spray so that at least 5 hours have passed since the rain, and the rain does not start earlier than 5 hours later.

Spraying with insecticidal and fungicidal compounds against diseases and pests is carried out in the fall after harvesting. In the Middle Zone, this is approximately the last ten days of September. But in the northern and southern regions, similar treatment is carried out in the middle of the month.

The second treatment is carried out in the last days of October or the first days of November. You can focus on the temperature. When the daily average reaches -2 degrees Celsius, spray with iron sulfate and cover the vine for the winter.

Bordeaux mixture

Bordeaux mixture will protect against fungal diseases

Autumn treatment of grapes with Bordeaux mixture is carried out to prevent fungal diseases such as melanosis and black rot. You can buy the product in a store or make it yourself. The purchased liquid is diluted to a 4% concentration so as not to harm the plant. It is prohibited to spray the vineyard more than 5 times a year.

To prepare Bordeaux mixture you will need:

• 500 g quicklime;
• 250 g copper sulfate
• 8 liters of boiled water.

Vitriol is dissolved in boiling water and diluted with cold water. Lime is diluted in a plastic container. The substances are filtered and mixed until homogeneous.

When processing, observe the dosage, since the substance contains a large amount of copper in its composition. It may harm the human body. For 1 bush, use 1 liter of Bordeaux mixture.

Common mistakes

Young winegrowers, due to their inexperience, can make mistakes that negatively affect the plant itself and its fruiting.

They leave leaves and other debris under the grape bushes in the fall. In this case, autumn treatment with even the most powerful preparations will not be successful, since the foliage and the soil under it will become a winter refuge for laid eggs and larvae.

When working with chemicals, do not use protective equipment. Failure to use a mask and gloves while spraying results in burns to the skin and respiratory tract.

Use metal utensils when diluting iron and copper sulfate. To dilute these products, it is recommended to use plastic or glass containers so as not to provoke a chemical reaction.

Spray with vitriol in the fall before the buds close. In this case, the plant receives a chemical burn, which can lead to the death of the perennial.

Urea

You can treat grapes in the fall against fungal diseases with urea. It also helps against pests such as aphids, weevils and copperheads. Prevents the appearance of scab.

To treat grapes with urea, prepare an aqueous solution. The ingredients are taken in a ratio of 1 to 6. The crown of the plant is sprayed 40-50 days before the appearance of frost. It is better to process immediately after dropping the leaves.

Feeding

To enhance the effect of treatment with urea and prevent the appearance of a viral disease in winter, dry fertilizing in the form of urea is additionally added to the soil. The solution changes its structure under the influence of bacteria and enhances the therapeutic effect.

Urea is applied to a depth of 30-40 cm. This allows the root system to absorb the required amount of phosphorus and potassium. Applying top dressing is prohibited: this stimulates the roots to grow upward.

To treat mites before winter, grapes are treated with colloidal sulfur. It destroys pest spores and also prevents the appearance of anthracosis and powdery mildew. The vine is sprayed before sheltering for the winter.

Sulfur destroys harmful bacteria

Sulfur creates a protective coating on the branches and destroys harmful bacteria. To prepare, 1 sachet of the substance is diluted in 6 liters of water. For 5 take 1 liter of product. Handle with protective gloves.

Loosening grapes in autumn from diseases and pests

The root system requires sufficient moisture in the winter. For this reason, the soil must be actively moistened, and it must be watered before covering. In addition, watering can be carried out more than once if the dry condition of the soil or persistent hot weather requires it. But you should not be overzealous with the frequency and abundance of watering; excess moisture is just as harmful to the plant as its lack. Loosening the soil and mulching it allows you to preserve and retain a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil. In addition, this procedure will help saturate the soil with oxygen.

Spraying with soda and potassium permanganate

To prevent gray rot and powdery mildew, grapes are treated with a mixture of soda and potassium permanganate. The product also helps against aphids and caterpillars, and its composition improves plant development. The substance affects the taste of the fruit, making it sweeter.

To prepare potassium permanganate, mix 2 g of permanganate and 400 ml of water. Boric acid is also added to the product, which serves as an additional fertilizer.

To prepare an antifungal agent from soda you need:

• 5 liters of water;
• 20 g baking soda;
• 30 ml vegetable oil;
• 100 ml soap.

The product is used for spraying. Processing is carried out on a cool cloudy day.

Shelter for the winter

The use of grape cover complements the treatment with chemicals, keeps the plant warm and prevents the appearance of fungi and harmful insects. One method is covering with earth. The treated vine is laid on the ground and covered to a height of 17-25 cm. The soil next to the plant is not taken so as not to damage the roots.

In cold regions where there is a risk of ground freezing, grapes are covered with acrylic. This treatment allows you to cover not only the trunks, but also the roots. Additionally, snow retention is carried out to prevent moisture stagnation.

An air cushion is created on top of the cover. To do this, use branches of spruce branches, tomatoes or raspberries. They cover the grapes, and cover the top with several layers of film. Such a shelter completely protects against the appearance of dampness in early spring, which prevents fungal diseases. To prevent the plant from becoming moldy, 2-3 holes are left in the film on different sides. Slate or plastic is also used as a covering material.