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Many summer residents and gardeners, planting young pears on their plots, do not even suspect that before they can enjoy the juicy and honeyed taste of the fruit, they may have to face a lot of troubles. For example, the leaves on a pear turn black, because this can happen due to many different reasons, each of which requires an individual approach. And while some are easy to deal with, others can lead to the complete death of the affected tree.
Possible causes of blackening of leaves on a pear
Blackening of leaves is a common problem faced by gardeners. Both young and mature trees can become victims. There are several reasons for the appearance of dark leaves.
Leaves may turn black due to lack of nutrients. They can not only become covered with black spots, but also turn yellow. Most often, such changes indicate calcium deficiency.
Leaves may turn black due to lack of nutrients
If there is no solution to the problem, the leaves gradually turn black, dry out completely and fall off. To restore the tree, calcium-containing fertilizers are used.
Darkening, drying out and curling of the leaves indicates a lack of boron. Most often, young pear trees face the problem. To compensate for nutritional deficiencies, complex mineral fertilizers are used.
Blackening of the foliage may be due to external conditions (unfavorable weather and climate unsuitable for the variety being grown).
Dry air, extreme heat and lack of moisture lead to weakening of the pear. Leaves may curl and turn black. The first to suffer is the foliage growing in the upper part of the crown.
When caring for a pear, it is very important to monitor the degree of soil moisture.
Some trees cannot tolerate high levels of dust in the air. As a rule, southern varieties of pears suffer. They require irrigation by sprinkling.
Natural nature of the problem
Some gardeners, having noticed blackening of the leaves on the trees, believe that there will be no more harvest, since, in their opinion, these fruits are not suitable for food. This is regarded as a sign of some disease.
Black spots on pear leaves
This is partly true, but black foliage does not always accurately indicate infection of a fruit crop. Some natural factors also lead to such changes.
Lack of beneficial microelements
With this problem, the leaves, starting from the tips, turn yellow and then darken. This often happens due to too little calcium being taken in. The dark leaves subsequently turn brown and then turn black and dry out. The sight of the tree itself becomes painful.
Note! Calcium nitrate or another fertilizer based on this substance will make up for the loss of useful substances.
You can combat micronutrient deficiencies with the help of complex products that are filled with compounds necessary for pears. If the leaves begin not only to darken, but also to curl, this is a direct sign indicating boron starvation. The situation can only be corrected by feeding the tree with a complex mineral preparation. It will supply the tree with boron, calcium and other essential microelements.
Temperature
Leaves on trees can also darken due to excessively dry air, which usually happens when the weather is hot outside. As a result, they lose life-giving moisture, as well as beneficial microelements. It is important to make up for the loss, otherwise the crown of the trees will become covered with crimson or brown spots, and then completely turn black and begin to crumble.
In this case, blackness will appear in the place where the most sunlight falls during the day. To avoid the worst, you should water regularly and also spray the leaves of the trees.
Development of diseases
Blackening of leaves may be pathological in nature. When the first signs of disease are detected, treatment must be started immediately.
Fruit rot
Another name for pear disease is moniliosis. The first sign of pear fruit rot is the darkening of the fruit during their formation. Pears become covered with dark spots that grow very quickly. The structure and taste of the fruit deteriorates. The pulp becomes loose and the taste of alcohol is felt.
With moniliosis, pears become covered with dark spots that grow very quickly
When it spreads strongly, a coating in the form of numerous myceliums is noticeable on the skin. Over time, not only the fruits, but also the branches are damaged on the tree.
Fungicides are used for control. Spoiled fruits cannot be placed in a compost pit; they must be burned. It is better to make a fire away from the garden.
Pest infestation
Parasites damage all parts of the tree. They can feed on young buds and destroy inflorescences and ovaries. Already formed fruits also suffer from pests. Infection of a pear with parasites is fraught with loss of yield and a serious decrease in immunity.
Medyanitsa
Adult insects overwinter in the bark of the tree, as well as in damage on the branches. In the spring they lay eggs.
As a result of the vital activity of parasites, sticky substances are released, which often cause the pear to become infected with sooty fungus.
Adult insects overwinter in the bark of the tree, as well as in damage on the branches.
They begin to fight the copperhead in the spring. With the onset of the first warm days, spraying is carried out. The drugs Aktara, Sherla, Fastak, Dimilin are suitable.
The procedure is carried out in several stages, choosing sunny and windless days.
Approximate development phases of the pest:
- during the active life of adult individuals;
- before flowering - to destroy the larvae;
- after flowering - to destroy the remaining larvae.
Among the folk methods, soap-kerosene emulsion is often used. Kerosene is mixed with laundry soap dissolved in water. Spray the tree in the spring to destroy overwintered pests.
Gall mite
At the beginning of the growing season, the gall mite infects young buds. Signs become obvious at the stage of bud break. The leaves become covered with black spots and dry out over time.
At the beginning of the growing season, parasites infect young buds
The first treatment is carried out before the buds open. It is not recommended to use chemicals on blooming foliage.
Treatments are carried out in two to three stages with an interval of 10 days. The drugs chosen are Decis, Karbofos, Inta-Vir, Keltan.
leaf roller
The parasite chews off the edges of the leaves, causing them to wither and curl.
In autumn, dead “scales” are removed from the bark. The cleaned trunk is coated with lime solution or garden paint. In the spring, the trunk is inspected for the presence of frost holes, the bark is cleaned, treated with a solution of copper sulfate (1%) and covered with garden pitch.
The parasite gnaws the edges of leaves, causing them to wither and curl.
For control, special insecticides are used at intervals of several weeks. The processing rules are indicated in the instructions attached to the selected drug.
As a rule, the first preventive treatment is carried out in the spring, even before the buds awaken (at a temperature of 4 °C, Preparation 30 can be used).
For the prevention and control of pests, you can use the drugs Decis, Binom, Desant, Terradim and other potent chemicals. They can be used only before the fruit mass begins to increase.
Aphid
A common pest that becomes noticeable in early spring. From the first days of active life, aphids seriously damage young leaves. They curl and darken a little. With severe damage, the leaves turn black and die.
Aphids settle on the tops of shoots. Small colonies can be dealt with using folk remedies. With a small spread of the parasite, only long-term complex treatment using chemicals will help.
A common pest that becomes noticeable in early spring.
In early spring, the drug Kinmiks is effective. In the phase of bud formation - Agravertine, and after flowering - Iskra.
After fruit set, you can use traditional methods:
- Infusion of ash. 300 g of ash is dissolved in 10 liters of water. The mixture is brought to a boil, then boiled for 30 minutes. Cool, filter and add 50 g of grated laundry soap.
- Ammonia solution. 2 tbsp. dissolve in 10 liters of water. To better fix the solution on the pear, add about 40 g of laundry soap to it.
- Infusion of tomato tops. 1 kg of fresh or dry tops is poured into 10 liters of warm water and left for 3 hours. Strain the solution, add laundry soap to it.
Spraying is carried out in the evening with an interval of one to one and a half weeks. After rain, the treatment is repeated.
Pear diseases, treatment
Many diseases of fruit trees, including pears, are caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungal spores, the spread of which is facilitated by contaminated tools, diseased plants on the site, contaminated soil, water, and unfavorable weather conditions.
Scab
The development of the pathogen, the fungus Venturia pirina, is promoted by heat and high humidity. The pathogen tolerates winter cold well in fallen leaves and on shoots, and in the spring it begins to actively reproduce - spores are carried by the wind over long distances. Trees with broken branches, damaged bark, and receiving few nutrients are at greater risk.
Frail young shoots, leaves, and fruits of varying degrees of maturity are affected. In the spring, with the arrival of warmth, brownish-brown spots appear on the lower part of the leaf, then they acquire a dark color and pass on to flowers and fruits. If treatment is not started, the spots merge, forming necrotic areas, and the nutrition of the entire tree is disrupted. The fruits on an infected pear are irregular in shape, small, with cracked skin.
How to treat:
- treat with preparations containing copper (Kuproksat, Kuprosil, Copper sulfate, Bordeaux mixture) - during budding, after flowering, 14 days before harvest;
- use Horus (active ingredient cyprodinil) before and after flowering, Topsin M, Merpan, Tridex;
- Spray young leaves with infusion of horsetail, mustard (80 g/10 l) - when the buds open, during budding, at the end of flowering, when the fruits are filled.
Reference!
The following varieties are resistant to scab: Victoria, Vystavochnaya, Gurzufskaya, Dessertnaya, Lyubimitsa, Smuglyanka, Klappa; they have weak immunity to scab: Forest Beauty, Phelps, Marianna.
Black fungus (sooty fungus)
The causative agent of the infection is a marsupial saprophytic fungus, numbering about 200 varieties. It tolerates cold in fallen leaves, under the bark. A favorable environment for it is the sugary coating produced by aphids, scale insects, and scale insects on the leaves and shoots. Fungi do not penetrate plant tissues, they feed only on the waste products of insects, but, living on the leaves, they cause harm by affecting photosynthesis.
The disease manifests itself as black spots on pear leaves, flowers, fruits, and shoots. The black coating is the mycelium of the fungus. The rapid spread of spores is facilitated by insufficient lighting, poor air circulation in dense branches, planting in low-lying areas with humid air, and they are carried by insects. The affected leaf dries and falls off, which ultimately affects the flow of chemical processes in the tissues.
An effective control measure is to destroy the food source of the fungus, i.e. the insect. For this purpose, insecticides that have a systemic and contact-intestinal effect are used (Biotlin, Actellik, Karbofos, Vertimek). If there are few insects, then you can use home remedies:
- garlic infusion solution - grind the cloves in a meat grinder (in a mortar), add the same volume of water, leave for 1.5 weeks in a dark place, strain, prepare a solution (250 ml/10 l);
- tobacco + soap – 0.4 kg of tobacco powder + water (10 l), leave for 4 hours, boil, cool, add 50 ml of liquid soap;
- ammonia in solution – ½ pharmaceutical bottle + water (5 l) + crushed soap (100 g), leave for 40 minutes, stir.
Information!
After extermination of insects, treatment with fungicides is necessary (Ridomil Gold, Abiga-Pik, Kuproksat - 50 ml/10 l, Oksikhom - 20 g/10, Horus - 2 g/10 l, Topaz - 3 ml/10 ml) with the addition of bioregulators to the solution growth (Epin, Zircon). If a precipitate forms during mixing, then the drugs cannot be combined (check on a small amount).
Bacterial burn
A dangerous and rapidly spreading infection is caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, which does not form capsules and spores. It can get onto the plant with pollen, it is carried by birds, raindrops, irrigation water, and wind. When the humidity is more than 70% and the temperature is above 18 ° C, the bacterium multiplies rapidly, entering the branches through the tissues. Routes of infection: gardening tools, cuttings, fruits, containers, cracks in the bark, broken branches.
On an adult tree, the onset of the disease appears on the peduncles and ovaries - they darken, almost turn black. Then the leaf turns black around the edges, small black dots and dark spots appear on it, which merge into one large spot. First, the leaves on the pear begin to turn black in the center of the crown; after three weeks, the entire tree is affected. Diseased leaves and ovaries should be torn off and burned outside the garden. The infection on a young pear spreads from the top - the leaves turn black and then curl. Brown dried leaves appear on the lower branches a little later.
Treatment of pear “burn”:
- spray with Gamair (2 tablets/10 l), Fitolavin (20 ml/10 l) - biological fungicides;
- use Fitolavin (3rd hazard class) in May-June, and Gamair (4th hazard class) in July-August;
- treat the soil under the tree affected last year in the spring with Previkur Energy fungicide;
- during flowering, spray with antibiotics, Metronidazole, at intervals of five days, alternating them with fungicides.
Black cancer
A fungal infection, observed on many types of fruit crops, is characterized by spots on the trunk and blackening of the leaf blades. First, dark brown depressions are noticeable on the pear bark, then black spots appear in their place. Later, the stain becomes covered with a sooty coating, the bark around it cracks, and the wood darkens, becoming almost black. Without treatment, the tree dies within 3-4 years. Fungi overwinter in affected fruits and leaves; the tree becomes infected through damage to the bark (mechanical damage, burns, frostbite). Favorable conditions for development are a humid, warm environment.
Lack of microelements
As the tree ages and increases in productivity, it requires more and more nutrition. The content of microelements in the soil must be balanced. A deficiency of certain substances causes blackening of the foliage and decreased immunity of the tree.
Potassium
The most characteristic sign of potassium deficiency is drying out of the edges of the leaf blade. Over time, the structure of the entire plate changes. The leaves turn black and look burnt. The foliage of old and lower branches is most vulnerable.
The most characteristic sign of potassium deficiency is drying out of the edge of the leaf blade.
With a severe lack of potassium, shoots die by the end of summer. Fruit ripening occurs unevenly, and autumn leaf fall is delayed.
Iron
At the initial stages, the leaves turn yellow, later they lighten and become almost white. The edges of the leaves die, the tips turn brown.
Ultimately, the yield decreases and the quality of the fruit deteriorates. Young growths may die completely.
Most often the problem appears on calcareous soils. In them, iron is presented in a form that the pear absorbs with great difficulty. Even if the soil contains a sufficient amount of iron, the tree feels its deficiency.
Iron deficiency occurs when there is an excess of copper, manganese and zinc. Therefore, feeding must be balanced.
Zinc
With a lack of zinc, the leaves dry out and turn black. The deficiency of the element is also reflected in the fruits. They become smaller, and their skin becomes covered with dark spots and compactions. With a severe lack of elements, the leaves and sometimes the branches become deformed.
With a lack of zinc, the leaves dry out and turn black.
Calcium
Lack of fertilizers containing calcium makes the tree vulnerable to sunburn. The leaves become covered with dark spots and sometimes curl.
Deficiency affects the taste of the fruit. Spots appear on the pulp, and the possibility of long-term storage is excluded.
Phosphorus
A lack of phosphorus is indicated by dulling of the leaves. Gradually the foliage dries out, darkens or turns black.
Young shoots do not develop and become deformed. Old branches may lose all their foliage.
The timing of flowering and ripening of the crop is slowed down, but the foliage falls earlier than usual.
If there is a lack of phosphorus, trees are fed with superphosphate, and in acidic soils with phosphorite. To quickly resuscitate pears, potassium monophosphate is used. Prepare a solution at the rate of 20 g of substance per bucket of water.
Potassium monophosphate is used to quickly resuscitate pears.
Copper
The main symptom is the darkening and curling of pear leaves. The tops of young shoots dry out.
Copper deficiency in soil is rare. A deficiency of the element is most often encountered on peat or turf soil.
As a rule, those pears that are regularly treated with copper-containing preparations in early spring to prevent fungal diseases do not experience copper deficiency.
Bor
The leaves become smaller, curl, and fall off early. Later, necrotic formations appear on the changed foliage at the tip of the plate and along its edges.
Not only the leaves, but also the young shoots turn black and deformed. The taste of the fruit and its appearance deteriorate. As a result, the growth of the entire tree is suppressed.
In case of boron deficiency, plants are sprayed with a solution of boric acid at the rate of 5 g of the substance per 10 liters of water. The procedure is carried out in early summer, as soon as the fruits begin to set.
In case of boron deficiency, plants are sprayed with a solution of boric acid
Once every 3 years, you can apply boron fertilizers for digging at the rate of 500 g per 10 square meters. m of land.
Medyanitsa
The copperhead is a harmful insect that causes enormous damage to trees. On a pear affected by copperhead, the leaves and fruits turn black, curl and fall off. If measures are not taken, the tree’s immunity decreases, the fruits lose their marketability and taste, and the shoots dry out.
Fighting methods
At different stages of insect development, different preparations must be used. DNOC is used against mature insects. The larvae are eliminated using phosphorus-based insecticides. The most effective drugs for this are:
- Bi-58;
- Dursban;
- Zolon;
- Confidor;
- Mospilan.
Improper care
The main mistakes gardeners make include waterlogging the soil and the tree itself, as well as irregular pruning and thinning of the crown.
The development of diseases is provoked by:
- excessive thickening of the crown (healthy ventilation of the shoots is excluded);
- increased humidity and improper watering (at high humidity, the active development of microorganisms is noticeable).
Excessive thickening of the crown provokes the development of diseases.
The most favorable conditions for parasites and infections are created when growing a tree in shaded areas.
Prevention of diseases and pests consists of:
- correct, regular pruning and thinning of the crown;
- moderate watering of the tree in accordance with weather and climatic conditions and the requirements of the variety;
- cleaning the trunk circle;
- removal of weeds and young growth.
Incorrect care often causes blackening of leaves.
How and with what to treat
Treatment of the tree must begin immediately after the first signs of the disease are detected.
Chemical and biological drugs
Strong chemicals are very toxic. They must be used strictly according to the rules described in the instructions.
To combat the fungus that causes blackening of leaves, use copper-containing products (Bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate). Treatments are carried out in autumn and spring. When buds form, you can use fungicides.
Bordeaux mixture and copper sulfate are used to combat fungus.
Recently, biological agents have become increasingly widespread. They show their effectiveness in the fight against bacterial burns. They are also used to combat other diseases. Common products are Fitoverm, Gamair, Fitolavin.
Biological drugs are not effective against sooty fungus.
Agrotechnical control methods
Agrotechnical measures are the main prevention of diseases and pests. To prevent the development of fungal diseases and insect parasites it is necessary:
- clean the tree trunk from fallen leaves;
- dig up the soil within the crown projection;
- Apply fertilizers in a timely manner to increase the pear’s immunity to disease.
Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied in the fall, and nitrogen-containing fertilizers in the spring. In summer, you can use special summer complex mineral compositions.
Folk remedies
Among lovers of folk remedies, dousing the plant with water has become a common method. A very strong stream of water from the hose is directed from top to bottom. The procedure is carried out over two weeks with an interval of two days.
For spraying, a solution is also prepared consisting of:
- 0.4 l of alcohol;
- 1 liter of water;
- 1 tbsp. l. liquid soap.
Treatment is carried out in the morning before sunrise.
Another recipe for an effective remedy:
- Half a kilogram of any herb is poured into 3 liters of water and left to infuse for 3-4 days.
- After three to four days, a handful of wood ash is added to the infusion. The mixture is mixed well.
- The resulting mixture is filtered and diluted with water to obtain 10 liters of solution.
An infusion of herbs with ash is sprayed on trees at any time during the growing season.
The prepared composition is sprayed on trees at any time during the growing season.
What to do if the trunk turns black
Problems are quite rare. Typically, blackening of the trunk is caused by the development of black cancer. The disease affects the bark of the entire tree.
At the initial stages, the tissues are covered with small black spots of depressed shape. Sometimes you can notice that gum is released from them. Wounds appear and the bark may darken.
Black cancer affects not only the trunk, but also the leaves and fruits. In this case, they develop reddish spots.
The disease cannot be treated, and the severely affected tree dies. Black cancer can be avoided with careful garden care.
Black cancer can be avoided with careful garden care
At the initial stages, the damaged areas are removed, and the sections are treated with copper sulfate and covered with garden pitch. If the disease spreads strongly, the tree is cut down completely and burned.
Bacterial infections
In the advanced stage of diseases caused by bacteria, leaf blades, petioles and stems darken and wither. These diseases include:
- bacteriosis;
- white spotting;
- bacterial cancer;
- milky shine;
- bacterial burn.
How to cure
Spraying the tree with the following preparations will help cope with bacterial diseases:
- Bordeaux mixture;
- zinc chloride;
- copper or iron sulfate;
- carbolic acid;
- Benomyl.
At the initial stage of the disease, you can prune the affected shoots. The cut areas must be treated with copper sulfate.
If the tree is very badly damaged and the central trunk is affected, the pear should be removed from the area.
Spraying pears for prevention.
Why does a young pear turn black, but not an old one?
Bacterial blight of pear primarily affects young trees under ten years of age. In this case, old trees may not be damaged at all.
The reason lies in the very tender shoots of young pears.
Blackening of leaves can be caused by too little or too much humidity. Excessive watering creates a favorable environment for the development of pathogenic microorganisms. The problem must be resolved immediately, otherwise the entire tree may die.
Is it possible to eat fruit from a pear that has turned black?
Pear diseases are not transmitted to humans. You can eat fruit from a tree whose leaves have turned black or curled.
Drugs used to control pests and diseases of fruit trees can harm human health.
Any products used in the garden must be accompanied by instructions. Before work, you must familiarize yourself with the safety precautions and the degree of toxicity of the selected compounds.
After using some drugs, enough time must pass before harvesting can begin. There are biological preparations that do not pose a risk to human and animal health.
Fruits with minor damage can be eaten. Black spots, cracks, and other skin and pulp defects must be removed from them. After this, you can eat it and quickly process it into preserves, jams and compotes.
Fruits with minor damage can be eaten
There are fungal spores on the fruits. Spoiled pears cannot be stored. Otherwise, the fungus will spread to the harvested healthy crop of other fruits and vegetables.
Prevention methods
Blackening of foliage or fruits can be avoided through regular preventive measures:
- Regular tree pruning (sanitary and thinning).
- Disinfection of garden tools (before and after use).
- Fertilizer application. A lack of nutrients leads to a decrease in pear resistance to various diseases and pests.
- Proper moderate watering. Excess moisture provokes the development of pathogenic fungi. Lack of moisture reduces the protective functions of the tree and also causes disease.
- Protecting the tree from frost. In autumn, trees need to be whitened, which will protect them from frost damage. Young pears, as well as mature trees that are weakly resistant to frost, require additional insulation.
The root system of pears can withstand temperatures down to minus 16°C. In regions with sufficient snow cover, additional insulation of the tree trunk circle is not required. In winter, it is enough to add fallen snow to the tree.
In regions with little snow, the tree trunk circle should be mulched in the fall. Peat, rotted sawdust, compost or crushed tree bark are poured in a layer about 15 cm high. In the spring, the mulch is replaced. The layer of organic matter can be removed or the soil under the tree can be dug up along with it.
If black leaves are detected, it is necessary to assess their degree of damage and analyze the growing conditions of the pear. The cause of the anomaly may be diseases or pests. It is necessary to pay attention to the presence of other symptoms, and if they are detected, treat the garden. Blackening of leaves can be caused by a deficiency of certain microelements. An important aspect of garden health is disease and pest prevention. Mandatory agrotechnical measures must be carried out annually, and capricious varieties of pears require the most careful attention.
How do you treat tree diseases in your garden and prevent their occurrence? Share your experience in the comments.
Preventive measures
Timely implementation of all agrotechnical measures will serve as an excellent prevention of many pear diseases and will help prevent blackening of the leaves.
Therefore, in addition to the above measures, one should not forget:
- regularly prune trees, especially sanitary ones;
- after pruning, do not forget to disinfect the tools;
- ensure the correct watering regime;
- provide all necessary nutrients;
- do not allow the root collar of the tree to become waterlogged;
- provide reliable protection from frost in winter.
In addition, it is important to choose healthy and high-quality planting material.
