The yield of grain crops largely depends on a number of factors: agrotechnical, biological, weather. Biological factors include various infectious diseases to which grain crops are susceptible at all phases of their organogenesis: starting from seed germination and ending with sowing maturity of the grain.
To prevent the development of infectious diseases, the combined fungicide Alto Super has been developed. It reliably not only protects, but also in case of illness, treats grain crops, as well as sugar beets from diseases such as powdery mildew, various types of rust, ear diseases, leaf spot, cercospora blight, pyrenophorosis and other types of fungal diseases.
Alto Super fungicide is a preventive, curative and eradicating agent. This is due to the fact that the fungicide contains two active substances - propiconazole (250 g/l) and cyproconazole (80 g/l), belonging to the chemical class of triazoles.
Alto Super fungicide is available in the form of an emulsion concentrate. The fungicide is supplied to the shelves in plastic canisters with a volume of 5 liters.
Advantages of Alto Star
- Effectively fights almost all fungal diseases that affect grain crops and sugar beets;
- Thanks to the action of active substances that quickly penetrate the treated plants, it reliably protects new shoots;
- Prevents the penetration of pathogens and stops their development, even if the plant is already affected;
- Provided that the instructions for use are followed, it does not cause resistance and is not phytotoxic;
- Compatible with most drugs intended for the protection of cultivated plants;
- The fungicide has a positive effect on the quality of sugar beets. For example, its use when there is a threat of moderate development of cercospora allows one to increase the yield of sugar by 1% compared to untreated crops;
- Alto Super does not pose a danger to the environment, however, there are restrictions on use in the sanitary zone near fishery reservoirs.
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages of the agricultural preparation "Alto Super":
- acts to prevent and treat fungal diseases not only of grain, but also of sugar beets;
- inhibits the growth and reproduction of microorganisms;
- improves the quality of the crop;
- starts working quickly after spraying, within 20 minutes;
- capable of destroying pathogens in 5-7 days;
- can be used at any phase of development of cultivated plants;
- evenly distributed over sheet plates;
- has an effective effect on sugar beets; in treated plants, sugar yield increases by 1%;
- not afraid of precipitation or watering;
- compatible with many agrochemicals.
Minor cons:
- The use of pesticides near apiaries and ponds with fish is prohibited.
- it is necessary to limit the number of years of bees during treatment from 3 to 24 hours.
For some diseases (alternaria blight, cladosphoria blight), it is necessary to combine the product with other fungicides, since it is only partially effective.
Instructions for use
Spraying of crops is carried out during their growing season. The first treatment with a fungicide is carried out when the degree of infection is more than 4%, repeated - after 2-3 weeks, if the disease is not completely eradicated.
Favorable hours for work are from 6 to 9 am or from 7 to 9 pm. To carry out work, you must choose a clear, calm day. The optimal air temperature is +25°C.
Spraying is carried out both mechanically and using aviation. When using aviation, the consumption rate of the working substance must be at least 50 l/ha; when mechanical processing, the solution consumption is 200-300 l/ha.
Features of the use of fungicide
This fungicide is used for different plants. Therefore, the concentration of the solution, the number of sprays and consumption for each crop will be different.
For grapes
A grape disease such as oidium causes a lot of trouble even for experienced gardeners, not to mention amateurs. Vineyards located in the northern zone are especially at risk.
The concentration of the working solution for spraying grapes depends on the purpose of its use. For the prevention of young animals, 3 ml of the drug is needed per 10 liters of water. Over subsequent years, the dose of Falcon is gradually increased. For the second year you will need 4 ml of the product, for 3-4 years - 6 ml.
The concentration of the mixture at the first signs of disease for first-year grapes is 6 ml (per 10 liters of water). For a bush that is 2 years old, use 12 ml of the product. In subsequent years, the amount of the drug increases to 20 ml per 10 liters of water. For 1 sq. m of leaf surface, 80 to 100 ml of working solution is consumed.
For roses
When using Falcon for ornamental plants, experts recommend mixing it with fertilizers. In this way you can get the maximum benefit from the drug. In addition, with this approach, the likelihood that the roses will become stressed is minimized, but the shrubs receive good comprehensive protection.
To prepare the solution you will need 10 ml of product and 10 liters of water. Next, according to the instructions, you need to prepare the fertilizer separately, and then mix it with the fungicide. You can spray the bushes using a spray bottle.
For tomatoes
Tomatoes, as you know, are most often susceptible to diseases such as powdery mildew, late blight, mycoses, and septoria. Falcon, in turn, effectively copes with these types of diseases.
You can spray tomatoes both during planting and during the active growing season. Tomatoes can be saved from powdery mildew even when the fruits have already set.
For cucumbers
The official instructions do not indicate that this fungicide can be used to treat cucumbers. But gardeners who actively use this remedy for the treatment and diseases of other crops also use Falcon on these vegetables. This is evidenced by reviews in which, by the way, summer residents are satisfied with the effect of the drug on cucumber bushes.
For beets
If dry reddish-brown spots appear on the beet foliage, this is the first sign that the vegetable is susceptible to a fungal disease. To preserve the harvest, it is recommended to spray the beet bed with the preparation several times a season during the period of active growth of green mass.
Consumption rate per 1 sq. m area is 80 ml. To obtain a working mixture, you need to dilute 6 ml of the product in 10 liters of water. After spraying, the beets are guaranteed to be protected for 20 days. It is recommended to re-treat after 2 weeks.
For strawberries
The most common strawberry disease is white spot. The development of this disease during the flowering period destroys up to 15% of the crop, and with severe infection - all 100% of the berries. Preventive treatment of plants with Falcon helps avoid this problem.
For cereals
Grain crops are especially susceptible to rust, powdery mildew, and septoria. On an industrial scale, the fungicide is used as a prophylactic against fungal diseases, as well as for the direct treatment of already infected plants.
For 100 liters of water, 600 ml of product is required. The application rate, both for the first spraying (during the growing season) and for repeated treatment (at the beginning of flowering for spring and winter wheat) is 0.6 l/ha, and for winter and spring barley – 0.5 l/ha.
Where is Alto super, CE, price
price per 5 liter canister
Advantages of the drug:
- Wide spectrum of action: suppresses all major diseases of grain crops and sugar beets during the growing season.
- Universal and flexible application: all major grain crops (spring and winter wheat, spring and winter barley, winter rye, oats) and sugar beets. Regardless of the stage of crop development during the growing season.
- Ensuring harvest quality.
- Fast initial action and long-term protection.
- Effective preventive and therapeutic effect.
- Low consumption rates.
- Excellent rain resistance. [6]
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Compiled by: Velichko S.N., Ignatiev P.S.
Page added: 09/03/14 12:26
Last update: 06/08/18 15:09
Buy plant protection products
Fungicide Alto Super
Two-component fungicide Alto Super of systemic action for the protection of winter and spring wheat and barley, rye, triticale, oats, beets.
A rational investment with an excellent ratio of costs and profitability
- The broadest spectrum of action of the fungicide is excellent and stable protection against all common diseases of grain crops and beets during their growing season
- Versatility and flexibility of use of the drug
- Provides effective prevention and healing effect
- Low drug consumption rates
- High degree of rain resistance
- Airborne processing possible
Active ingredient: 250 g/l propiconazole + 80 g/l cyproconazole
Manufacturer: Syngenta
Application standards
| Norm | Cultures | Pests | Application | Ozh. Krat. | Fur. Manual |
| 0,4-0,5 | Spring and winter wheat | Powdery mildew, brown, stem, yellow rust, septoria leaf blight on the ear, pyrenophorosis, cercosporellosis, fusarium (partial action) | Spraying during the growing season. Working fluid consumption - 300 l/ha, for aircraft use - 50 l/ha | 40(1-2) | -(3) |
| 0,4-0,5 (A) | Spring and winter wheat | Powdery mildew, brown, stem, yellow rust, septoria leaf blight on the ear, pyrenophorosis, cercosporellosis, fusarium (partial action) | Spraying during the growing season. Working fluid consumption - 300 l/ha, for aircraft use - 50 l/ha | 40(1-2) | -(3) |
| 0,4-0,5 | Spring and winter barley | Helminthosporium spots (dark brown, netted, striped), powdery mildew, dwarf rust, stem rust, rhynchosporium, | Spraying during the growing season. Working fluid consumption - 300 l/ha | 40(1-2) | -(3) |
| 0,4-0,5 | Winter rye | Powdery mildew, brown rust, stem rust, septoria, rhynchosporium | Spraying during the growing season. Working fluid consumption - 300 l/ha | 40(1-2) | -(3) |
| 0,4-0,5 | Winter triticale | Powdery mildew, brown rust, stem rust, septoria blight, pyrenophorosis | Spraying during the growing season. Working fluid consumption - 300 l/ha, for aircraft use - 50 l/ha | 40(1-2) | -(3) |
| 0,4-0,5 (A) | Winter triticale | Powdery mildew, brown rust, stem rust, septoria blight, pyrenophorosis | Spraying during the growing season. Working fluid consumption - 300 l/ha, for aircraft use - 50 l/ha | 40(1-2) | -(3) |
| 0,4-0,5 | Oats | Crown rust, red-brown spotting | Spraying during the growing season. Consumption - 300 l/ha | 40(1-2) | -(3) |
| 0,5-0,75 | Sugar beet | Cercospora blight, powdery mildew, phomosis, alternaria blight | Spraying during the growing season: the first - when the first signs of the disease appear, the second - after 15-20 days (if necessary). Consumption – 200-400 l/ha | 30(1-2) | -(3) |
To check the price, availability and order, click at the bottom of the “Order” page.
Delivery within the Russian Federation is carried out through the transport company SDEK.
We do not take prepayments; payment is made upon receipt of the order at SDEK shopping center.
We always have a wide range of plant protection products in stock at prices lower than competitors.
Analogs: Fungicide Avax, Fungicide Agrotech-Garant-Altin, Fungicide Alkor Super, Fungicide Alpari, Fungicide Altazol, Fungicide Alto Turbo , Fungicide Atlant Super, Fungicide Kalibel, Fungicide Profi Super, Fungicide Rangoli-Tsipros, Fungicide Super Alliance, Fungicide Filterr, Fungicide Tsimus Progress .
the Alto Super fungicide immediately penetrates into the cultivated plant, moving from the bottom up through the stem to the ear, as well as from the base of the leaf blade to the top of the plant, thus starting the process of protecting the plant from various kinds of pathogens. This principle of action allows the active ingredients of the drug to be evenly distributed throughout the plant and prevents them from being washed off. Alto Super fungicide has both medicinal properties and properties that stop the processes of already existing infection. The long-term effect of the drug, lasting more than 4 weeks, provides maximum protection to plants during especially critical growth phases.
Features of application
On grain crops. For the best effect, Alto Super fungicide is used in the early stages of disease development. Compatible in tank mixtures with most pesticides and fertilizers used on grain crops.
On sugar beets, Alto Super fungicide is recommended for the control of cercospora blight, powdery mildew, ramularia and fomoz. The following technology of protection against cercospora has proven itself well: the first treatment is carried out when single symptoms of cercospora appear, the second - after 15–20 days, depending on the developing phytosanitary situation and meteorological conditions. Treatment with Alto Super fungicide can be combined with the application of boron fertilizers.
Scope of pesticide application
For agricultural production.
Purpose
Systemic fungicide designed to protect cereal grain crops from powdery mildew, types of rust, leaf spots, ear diseases; sugar beets – from cercospora blight, powdery mildew, fomoz and alternaria blight. The fungicide has a preventive, curative and eradicating effect.
Compatibility with other pesticides (agrochemicals)
Compatible with most pesticides commonly used on grains. However, it is recommended to check mixed drugs for compatibility.
Period of protective action
The product provides control of sensitive plants for a period of 3–5 weeks.
Selectivity
Alto Super fungicide is a selective preparation for grain crops.
Impact speed
Within a few hours after treatment.
Phytotoxicity
When using the drug in strict accordance with the recommendations developed by the company, there is no risk of phytotoxicity.
Cultural tolerance
If the regulations for the use of Alto Super fungicide , crop plants exhibit a fairly high level of tolerance to the drug.
Possibility of resistance
Absent subject to strict adherence to the recommendations developed by the company.
Application technology
The cleanliness of the tank, main pipelines and sprayers, as well as the serviceability of the entire sprayer, is checked before starting protective work. Then the quantity and uniformity of water supply through the sprayers is determined and compared with calculated data on the consumption of working fluid per 1 ha. Spraying is carried out in the morning or evening hours in calm weather, preventing the product from drifting onto neighboring crops. After finishing work with the product, thoroughly rinse the sprayer and spraying equipment.
Procedure for preparing the working fluid : fill 1/4 of the sprayer tank with clean water, turn on the mixer, add the calculated and measured amount of the drug and continue filling the sprayer tank while stirring. Continue stirring during processing to ensure uniformity of the working mixture. If the Alto Super fungicide is used in a tank mixture with other drugs, add the drugs to the water in the sprayer tank in the following order: *SP ► VDG ► SK ► ALTO SUPER. When filling the sprayer tank, the filling hose must always be above the water level to avoid back suction. The working solution must be used on the day of preparation.
* - if a component in water-soluble packaging is used in the tank mixture, dissolve this drug in the sprayer tank first.
Storage of the drug
Store the drug in a dry room designed for storing pesticides in the temperature range from 0°C to +35°C.
Shelf life
3 years
buy Alto Super fungicide with delivery throughout Russia and without prepayment in our online store.
You can also get acquainted with the drug and get more detailed information on the manufacturer’s website.
Section:
Fungicides
The article was compiled using the following materials:
State catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use on the territory of the Russian Federation, 2013. Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Agriculture of Russia)
State catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use on the territory of the Russian Federation, 2014. Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Agriculture of Russia) Download >>>
State catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use on the territory of the Russian Federation, 2015. Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Agriculture of Russia) Download >>>
State catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use on the territory of the Russian Federation, 2016. Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Agriculture of Russia) Download >>>
State catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use on the territory of the Russian Federation, 2022. Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Agriculture of Russia) Download >>>
State catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use on the territory of the Russian Federation, 2022. Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Agriculture of Russia) Download >>>
"Alto Super": active ingredient, application, consumption rate
All agricultural enterprises are aimed at obtaining high-quality crops in large quantities. But sometimes biological factors come into play, and fungal microorganisms damage the crops. In order to prevent or treat diseases such as powdery mildew, cercospora blight, ear disease and many others, experts have developed the Alto Super fungicidal agent. In the article we will talk about the instructions for using the fungicide, the principle of action, toxicity and storage conditions.
Description
The combined product consists of two active chemicals and has a wide range of fungicidal effects, allowing for more rational use of the positive effects of each component. After contact with a plant, it spreads from its base to the very top. This action promotes a homogeneous distribution of active elements and prevents them from being washed away by rain or heavy watering. In addition to neutralizing pathogenic spores, it has medicinal qualities: stopping infection and increasing plant immunity. Thanks to the extended effect of the drug on fungal spores, which lasts 28-36 days, crops are protected to the maximum both during the sensitive and critical stages of their development.
Composition, release form, packaging
Alto Super contains two main active ingredients: cyproconazole and propiconazole. The product is available in the form of an emulsion concentrate. One liter of fungicide contains 80 g of cyproconazole and 250 g of propiconazole.
On the shelves of agricultural stores you can find this drug in five-liter and twenty-liter canisters. Some sellers offer to purchase Alto Super in fractional portions, that is, you can have the volume you wish poured from the canister.
Manufacturer and formulation
The product is produced by the Swiss company Syngenta AG, a leader in the development of crop protection products. The key goal of the brand is to realize the maximum potential of any plant to increase productivity.
The form of the fungicide is a paste containing the active element and a wetting solvent. When diluted with liquid, it forms a stable emulsion suitable for spraying. The drug goes on sale in five-liter polymer containers.
What diseases is it effective against?
"Alto Super" is used for the prevention and treatment of the following types of diseases of sugar beets and grain crops:
- septoria and fusarium head blight;
- stem and brown rust;
- powdery mildew, septoria leaf blight, pyrenophorosis;
- rhynchosporiasis, alternaria, fomoz, alternaria, cladosporiosis and others.
To combat some of the above diseases, this fungicidal agent is used in combination with other drugs.
I would like to note that this fungicide is capable (with effective dosages and correct application) of completely killing the causative agents of Alternaria blight on sugar beets.
However, if this disease affects winter rye, then the fungicide will no longer be so effective, and it should only be used in combination with other drugs.
Storage period and conditions
The drug can be stored in a sealed packaged canister for 3 years from the date of manufacture. The depressurized product must be used immediately, and everything that has not been used must be disposed of. Store Alto Super in a cool, dark place, protected from sunlight and out of reach of children.
In view of everything said in the article, it can be noted that the Alto Super fungicide is an excellent assistant for agronomists. The drug has long been actively purchased on the world market and used to combat fungal microorganisms. And if you have not yet seen with your own eyes the effectiveness of the product in action, we recommend that you try it.
Advantages of the drug
The main advantages of Alto Super are:
- High degree of effectiveness in the fight against many fungal microorganisms that attack grain crops and sugar beets.
- If you follow the instructions for use, then after a course of treatments resistance will not appear. In addition, the drug is not phytotoxic.
- The main active ingredients of the drug are able to penetrate into the cellular structures of plants in a short period of time and protect young shoots from possible infections by fungal microorganisms.
- The product can stop the development of fungi and destroy them, after which the plant will continue to grow and develop normally. This mechanism of action is capable of bringing back to life even the most weakened grain crops.
- The drug is completely safe for the surrounding natural habitat and does not pose an environmental hazard (but there is a ban on the use of the fungicide near fish farms).
- Compatible with almost all chemicals (including fungicides) that are intended to protect grain crops from fungal diseases.
- The product can increase the total amount of sugar extracted from beets. For example, if sugar beets with cercospora blight are treated with this fungicide, then 10 kg more sugar can be produced from one ton of harvested crop than from an untreated crop.
- Low cost rates and long validity period.
- High rain resistance of plants after treatment with fungicide.
All of the above advantages make Alto Super one of the leaders in the agrotechnical fungicide market.
Analogues of the product
Substitutes for "Tilta" containing propinaconazole are "Altazol", "Alto Super", "Altrum Super", "Amistar Trio", "Atlant Super", "Baliy", "Bumper Super", "Broader" , “Virtuoso”, “Zoltan”, “Calibel”, “Peon”, “Forecast”, “Propi Plus”, “Proscription Super”, “Profi Super”, “Profix”, “Rangoli-Tsipros”, “Rias”, “Skif”, “Super Alliance”, “Tilt Turbo”, “Thymus”, “Titan”, “Title”, “Triad”, “Filterr”, “Fungisil”, “Tsimus Progress”, “Elatus Ria”.
On private farms, you can use the following drugs with propiconazole - “Agrolekar”, “Prognoz”, “Propi Plus”, “Chistoflor”, “Chistotsvet”.
Fungicide "Tilt" has the following advantages: it has a wide range of applications, a long protective period, and fast action. It can be combined with various agrochemicals. It is economically beneficial, since only 1 treatment is enough, and the consumption rates are small. The product is most effective if the plants are treated with it at the beginning of infection.
Operating principle
Fungicides come in different chemical classes, and depending on this, they have different effects on pathological microorganisms that infect plants. The complete picture of the principle of action of fungicides of different classes is currently unknown to science.
What is clear is that fungicides are able to penetrate into all parts of the plant in a short period of time and stop the proliferation of fungi there. "Alto Super" is a drug that belongs to the chemical class of triazoles.
Triazoles can inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol (one of the main components of cell membranes). Thanks to this effect, Alto Super is able to destroy pathogenic microorganisms and protect against new lesions for a long time after treatment.
Are there any disadvantages
In addition to the advantages of the Alto Super fungicide, it is important to identify the disadvantages:
- mandatory use of protective equipment when spraying;
- within 24 hours after treatment poses a threat to bees.
The drug is considered to have low toxicity for cold-blooded animals and warm-blooded organisms, but there is a risk.
Period of protective action
If the fungicide is used according to the instructions and within the time limits specified above, the period of protective action will last about 40 days. In addition, it should be recalled that the drug begins to act 60 minutes after the end of treatment.
As a result, if you do not delay repeated treatments, the crops can be protected for 2 months.
Method for preparing the working solution
Initially, you need to prepare a masterbatch. In a separate container, which is filled to the middle with clean water, the required volume of the drug is diluted. The composition is mixed well until a homogeneous structure is obtained.
Then the liquid must be poured into the sprayer tank, which is 2/3 filled with water. The stirrer is turned on, and, slowly mixing the contents of the tank, it is completely filled with liquid.
Entering the site to perform various types of work is possible only 3 days after processing the plants.
Tomatoes
Tomatoes are sprayed with the drug to prevent Alternaria blight, macrosporiosis, septoria blight, and late blight.
The mixture for protecting tomatoes is prepared at the rate of 50 g. granules per 10 liters of water. Spraying the area with tomatoes is carried out no more than 4 times with an interval of 7-14 days. 1 hectare requires 300 liters of composition.
Potato
The pesticide is used to prevent late blight and Alternaria blight on potatoes. The working solution is prepared by dissolving 50 g. products in 10 liters of water.
Spraying the vegetable is carried out up to 4 times with an interval of 8-12 days. The last spraying is carried out 15 days before harvesting the potatoes.
Onion
When it's rainy and cold outside, onions can get downy mildew. The disease is prevented by spraying: dissolve 50 grams. products in 10 liters of water. The solution is sprayed 4 times, the interval is 2 weeks. The preventive process is carried out 14 days before harvesting the vegetable.
Grape
Mildew is a dangerous disease for vineyards. If prevention is carried out in time with Coside 2000, the vine will be saved from downy mildew.
The treatment solution is prepared by mixing 30 g. products in 10 liters of water. The vineyard is sprayed 4 times, every 12 days. Grapes can be eaten a month after the last treatment.
Peach
During the spring bloom of flower buds, the tree may develop leaf curl. You need to process it 2 times:
- Before the flowers appear.
- During the green cone period.
The first treatment is carried out with a mixture of 60 g. substances, the second - from 25 g. Consumption per 1 ha – up to 1000 liters of solution.
Peaches can be harvested a month after preventative treatment.
Apple tree
Coside is sprayed on an apple tree against scab and moniliosis up to 4 times:
- The first treatment takes place when the buds swell.
- The process of separating buds.
- After 2 weeks - 3 and 4 treatments.
Dilute the solution as follows: 25-30 g. funds for 10 l.
Strawberry
The pesticide is used to combat brown spot on strawberries. Plantings are sprayed with a solution: 20 g. The products are mixed in 10 liters of water. The number of sprays does not exceed 3 times. Initial spraying is carried out before strawberries bloom, then after 2 weeks.
Toxicity
"Alto Super" belongs to toxic substances of the third class (low toxic substances). It does not harm bees and warm-blooded animals, but use near water bodies where fish are bred is prohibited (it must be used at a distance no closer than 500 m from water bodies).
It is also prohibited to graze livestock in and near processing areas. A special environmental regulation has been drawn up for this drug:
- allowed to be used at wind speeds of no more than 4-5 m/s;
- treat plants in the evening or morning;
- limit the treatment area to 2-3 km (do not allow bees into the area).
Precautionary measures
Alto Super pesticide belongs to hazard group 3. When using it, protective measures must be observed. Work to be carried out in:
- protective gown;
- rubber gloves;
- respirator.
If the substance comes into contact with exposed areas of the body, wash the skin with warm soapy water; circular rubbing movements are prohibited. If the drug gets into the eyes, rinse them with warm water for 15 minutes.
Important! If, after treatment, itching, redness, rash, and tearing appear, you should consult a specialist.
If the first signs of intoxication appear (nausea, vomiting), you need to drink a large amount of water and take activated charcoal (1 tablet per 10 kg of body weight).
The diluted concentrate cannot be stored; the working solution must be used 24 hours before. The hermetically packaged drug can be stored for 3 years from the date of production. Store the canisters in a dark, cool, specially designated place. It should be protected from sunlight and out of reach of children and pets. Storage temperature from - 5 °C to + 35 °C.
To summarize, we can conclude:
- Alto Super fungicide is a broad-spectrum drug that is necessary when growing sugar beets and cereal crops.
- Before use, the concentrate is diluted with clean water according to the instructions.
- The effect lasts for 2 months, treatment is carried out no more than 2 times a season.
