How to write correctly in Russian: “pomodor” or “tomatoes”?

In the Russian language, every spelling of almost every unit of speech is explained by some rule. As you know, there are exceptions to them, but our case is not like that. It often happens that the ordinary situation of speech writing turns out to be ambiguous when using frequently used and well-known word forms. Everyday vocabulary items that are often found in the home can also cause difficulties in writing. How to correctly say a kilogram of “tomato” or “tomatoes”, six lemons or lemons, eggplant or eggplant salad? But similar terms are of interest not only to housewives; in Russian, their spelling is described in paragraphs.

Origin of the terms tomato and tomato

Trying to understand the botanical features, science will introduce us to the Latin name of the culture Solánum lycopérsicum. Solanum, because the green parts of the plant contain the toxic substance solanine. Perennial plant belongs to:

• genus Nightshade;
• the nightshade family.

Did you know that the first tomatoes were yellow? This color is native to the tomato plant.

Botanists and philologists came to a common opinion and agreed that in the Russian language both tomato and tomato would be correct.

Then it's easier. The plant (bush) is called tomato, and the fruit is called tomato. At the same time, in cooking it’s a little different: raw vegetables and tomato dishes made from them, for example, tomato salad. Those that have undergone heat treatment are tomatoes: tomato soup, tomato paste, sauce, juice.

Russia lives by state standards, GOSTs. There is a GOST 34298-2017 Interstate Standard for fresh tomatoes that is valid throughout the country.

Clause 1 of this document regulates the scope of the standard. It says that it applies to fresh tomatoes of botanical varieties supplied and sold for fresh consumption. According to the law, the correct one is a tomato.

How to correctly say: tomatoes or tomatoes

If you give an exact answer on how to speak correctly, then the conversational form can be any. No one will forbid vegetable growers and gardeners to speak as they see fit:

• tomato;
• tomatoes;
• tomatoes;
• tomatoes;
• tomatoes.

Everything will be right, as long as the tomatoes are beautiful and tasty.

Rule

But the spelling rule of the Russian language says this: masculine nouns, which in the initial form end in a hard consonant (orange, eggplant, tomato, fly agaric, tangerine) in the genitive case, plural will have the ending -ov (oranges, tomatoes, fly agaric , eggplants, tangerines).

Tomato or tomato which is correct

Now it has become clear that colloquial speech allows the expression tomato; you can say it any way you like, but you should write it correctly - pomodoro.

Examples

Let's remember!

• sowed 3 packets of tomato seeds;

• planted 100 tomato bushes;
• made 100 bowls of tomato salad;
• rolled up 200 cans of tomatoes.

Spelling rules help clarify things, and your favorite tomatoes are no exception.

Table of accents by cases

What is a tomato

Oh, these nerds. They confuse vegetable growers and cooks so much that sometimes it becomes ridiculous. So, from a botany point of view, a tomato is a multi-locular syncarpous berry.

Is a tomato a vegetable or a fruit - the whole truth

For the British, everything is simple. They have no difference between the terms fruit and berry. In other countries, the debate about what a tomato is continues.

What is a vegetable

Vegetable is a culinary term, not a botanical one. It applies to all edible fruits except berries. This is where the hitch comes in. What then is a tomato? Of course, the science of vegetable growing deals with vegetables and the cultivation of crops.

Vegetables include not only fruits, but also shoots (purslane), stems (parsley), petioles (rhubarb), leaves (spinach), bulbs (garlic, onions), tubers (potatoes), roots (horseradish).

What is a fruit

In ancient times, all edible crops were called vegetables. The word fruit did not exist. Around 1705, the word fruit was borrowed from Polish and then the division into vegetables and fruits began.

The Latin word Fructus is fruit. Fruit is an economic, household, everyday term. Some languages ​​do not make a distinction and the words “fruit” and “fruit” are the same thing. In some countries, the tomato is considered a fruit.

What is a tomato?

In Russia, tomatoes are classified as vegetable crops.

Is a tomato a fruit or berry?

A berry is a multi-seeded fruit with a dense epicarp and a juicy endocarp. To put it simply, gota should have a dense shell, skin and a juicy, soft inner center, pulp with seeds.

Everything fits together. The tomato fully corresponds to the botanical term - berry.

How tomatoes originated and why the controversy arose

In 1893, the case reached the British Supreme Court. Since customs duties when crossing the border on vegetables and fruits are collected differently, it was necessary to clarify what a tomato is.

According to the method of use, it is a vegetable. After all, tomatoes are not served as dessert. And from a botanical point of view, it is a berry. However, in everyday life, everything small (strawberries, raspberries) is called a berry, but something larger (watermelon, tomato) is not called a berry.

The court recognized the tomato as a vegetable and a berry at the same time. However, I had to pay customs costs like a vegetable.

Appearance in Russia

Tomatoes came to Russia in the mid-18th century. They were brought from Europe by Russian aristocrats for decorative purposes. The bushes were small, frail, planted in pots and did not reach ripening. Attempts to taste them ended in solanine poisoning. Because of this, they began to be called “crazy berries.” Bouquets and garlands were formed from flowering tomato branches. They decorated the courtyard and holiday tables, but did not eat them.

Empress Catherine annually listened to the report “On Outlandish Fruits” and even then they told her about overseas tomatoes that ripen in flower beds. The offering of overseas fruits was accompanied by magnificent holidays and solemn processions. On this occasion, several copies (or a basket) were brought to Russia. Catherine was pleased. I liked the tomatoes and decided to cultivate them everywhere. And until the development of culture, fruits were supplied to the empress’s table from Italy.

The greenhouses and greenhouses of the royal court eagerly accepted the new product and the tomatoes thanked them with full ripening. At first, only those close to the nobility could enjoy tomatoes. Then the tomatoes were spread throughout the great country.

At the same time, on the outskirts of the Russian empire in Bakhchisarai they had long been familiar with the culture and did not consider it exotic. The cultivation and consumption of tomatoes was in full swing, which the yard did not suspect. Production became more widespread and trade gained momentum.

Tomato culture conquered Russia from two sides. From the south, tomatoes moved north and east, and from the north they tried to capture more southern regions. Time passed and the tomato swept the whole country. Mass cultivation of tomatoes in fields began only in the 50s of the last century, and then only in the southern regions of the country.

The main reason for the slow progress of the crop was spring frosts and early autumn. Too short a summer and lack of knowledge of growing technology led to the fact that middle and late varieties did not ripen. Cool summers with low temperatures and high humidity did not allow even early varieties to ripen. Science moved forward; not only early varieties were bred, but also those resistant to adverse weather conditions. Greenhouse farming developed and vegetables captured more and more new territories.

Not only scientific agronomists, but also amateurs began to study tomatoes. Often it is the collection, amateur varieties that can boast of a special taste, stability and productivity. Festivals and holidays are held for such folk breeders. On them the whole country can see the achievements in the tomato movement.

History of tomatoes

Tomatoes are an interesting crop and their history is also interesting. As evidenced by handwritten sources, the fruit came to Portugal and Spain back in the 16th century from America. The first specimens were grown on the Iberian Peninsula, then they migrated to Italy, from there to France and further across Europe. Initially, the fruit was considered poisonous and the plant was considered ornamental. The first mention of tomato culture was made in 1554 by Italian botanist Paulo Mattiole. It is he who is considered the founder of culture on the European continent.

However, already in Naples in 1690, a recipe using the fruit of the tomato plant was published.

It took 100 long years for people to trust the vegetable and taste its fruits. However, history suggests that everything happened much faster, and only written evidence lagged slightly behind the realities of the time.

In Denmark in 1774, the book “A Complete Guide to Gardening” contains a description of tomatoes as a botanical crop. However, when describing the fruits, it is indicated that they have an extremely detrimental effect on the body and lead those who eat them to madness.

Data from the German botanical dictionary for 1811 already indicate that the plant itself is poisonous, but sauces with a pleasant taste are made from its fruits.

The first scientific notes about the tomato plant in scientific manuscripts and publications belong to the scientist Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov. In 1784, in his writings, he described that already in central Russia, amateur farmers tried to grow tomatoes on their windowsills. At that time, tomato was an ornamental crop. However, when the plant was brought to fruiting and ripening, it produced fruit and the people began to consume the sour fruits at that time. Since Bolotov had heard a lot about the consumption of the product in Europe, he began to widely assert that although the plant itself is poisonous, its fruits are edible and worthy of cultivation.

Interest in new plants and tomatoes in particular has not subsided over the centuries. The peoples of the world appreciated it:

• taste qualities;
• possibility of processing and procurement;
• beneficial properties of fruits;
• decorative qualities of pot culture.

The modern history of tomatoes is already being written:

• breeders, creating super early, super productive and super determinate varieties and hybrids;
• farmers and large producers developing new technologies to obtain unprecedented harvests;
• culinary experts discovering new tastes and aftertastes using tomatoes and tomato products;
• plant protection specialists to avoid diseases and pest attacks on crops;
• landscape designers who decorate rose gardens, recreation areas and just the estate with tomato bushes.

The history of each tomato variety runs like a red line through the history of the person who created the variety or hybrid. Breeding stations do not get tired of working all over the country, trying to double-check varieties many times and give humanity the best breeding innovations. Some varieties come and go forever. Others remain and delight more than one generation of vegetable growers for years.

The history of tomatoes is integrally connected with crop diseases that were not observed 100 years ago. Pests and pathogens of tomatoes do not sleep. They also try to improve and reach heights in their development. Vegetable growers constantly have to monitor the crop and respond in a timely manner to changes in weather conditions in order to prevent diseases from developing.

origin of name

Delving into the details of pronunciation in other languages, the picture becomes clearer:

• tomatl - among the Indian peoples of Mexico;
• tomate - among the French, Spanish, Portuguese;
• pomo d'oro (golden apple) - among the Italians. It's more like a tomato.

Many peoples compared a tomato to an apple. The Italians “pomo d’or” with a golden apple, the Germans with a heavenly apple, the French with an apple of love. The first Latin name was mala furea - golden apple. And all because the first tomatoes were yellow in color.

Moving from country to country, the vegetable also dragged its name. This is why most of the world knows it as tomato or tomato.

When discovering America, sailors most likely became acquainted with the tomato. All Zaorsky vegetables and fruits, one way or another, gradually migrated to other continents by sea. The world was becoming knowable. Initially, the tomato was an ornamental crop, then people tried it on the tongue and used it in cooking. However, the name heard for the first time already remained the basis of botanical nomenclature.

It took decades, and sometimes centuries, to cultivate. During this time, letters were lost and others were added, accents changed, but the culture continued to spread throughout the world.

In Russia, both the names tomato and tomato have taken root. Distant, cold Russia tried in every possible way to tame the southerner. Now it’s no longer surprising to grow tomatoes in the far north and Siberia.

An interesting fact is that the tomato did not acquire any local names. In any region of the country it remains a tomato or a tomato.

Some information from botany

An annual or perennial plant has:

• tap root system. Its growth occurs quickly. The root easily reaches a depth of 1 meter. The diameter can cover up to 2.5 meters. When diving, the taproot is converted into a fibrous one;
• additional roots, in the presence of moisture, can form in any part of the green shoot;
• Tomato can reproduce by seeds, cuttings and stem shoots (stepchildren);
• the stem can reach a height of 2 meters and be erect or branched. Herbaceous and juicy;
• the leaf is odd-pinnate, dissected, and sometimes of the potato type. In a healthy plant, during the day the leaf curls slightly, and in the evening it straightens;
• inflorescences are simple, intermediate, complex and very complex. They are called a brush. Varieties with simple inflorescences are more productive;
• flowers are bisexual, self-pollinating. They have 5 fused petals and sepals, 1 pistil and 5 stamens. Yellow color of varying color intensity;
• fruits are fleshy berries. Color, shape, size depend on the variety. The skin can be smooth or ribbed. The weight of the fruit varies from 15 g to 50 (small), from 50 to 150 (medium) and then up to 1.5 kg (large). The color can range from white to deep purple;
• seed sections are multiple. Depending on the variety, the fruit may have two seed chambers or 6-8 or more. Some varieties retain tissue fluid and many seeds in interchangeable chambers. Others fill the chambers with dense pulp and the seeds have to be literally “torn out” from the pulp;
• the seeds are yellow, flattened. The number of seeds is also not the same; this is a varietal characteristic.

Tomato fruits contain from 4.5 to 8% dry matter. The higher the number, the denser the fruit. They also include:

• organic acids up to 8.5%;
• fiber up to 1.7%;
• proteins up to 1.1%;
• pectin substances up to 0.3%;
• starch up to 0.3%;
• minerals (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, sulfur, manganese, chlorine) - up to 0.6% It should be noted that all minerals included have high bioavailability when absorbed in the human digestive system;
• carotenoids. Tomatoes contain lycophylle, neolycopene and phytoene. 100 g of product contains 1.3 mg of beta carotene, which is provitamin A. These substances affect the pigment rhodopsin, which is responsible for the renewal of epithelial cells and helps synthesize growth hormone. This is why tomato juice is so beneficial for a growing body;
• folic acid. This is the substance that promotes the synthesis of immune cells in our body;
• ascorbic acid, vitamin C. Taking part in oxidative biochemical processes, it activates the absorption of other vitamins, strengthens the cells of the immune system, promotes tissue regeneration and wound healing processes, and prevents the aging of body cells.

Tomatoes are not high in calories, but have a great taste. 100 g of product contains only 15-18 kcal. Many diets include tomato fruits and processed products.

Fiber and pectin substances improve intestinal function at any age, normalize peristalsis and prevent constipation, help normalize the microflora of the small and large intestines and the production of vitamin K.

By increasing the body's immune response and normalizing metabolic processes, tomato is useful as a preventative against atherosclerosis and high cholesterol. Containing pectin substances, tomato carefully adsorbs toxic products and heavy metals.

Interesting facts about tomatoes and tomatoes

The same tomato can differ radically depending on the variety. Some are 20-25 cm high and are grown in miniature pots on windowsills. Others occupy huge greenhouses and sometimes do not stop their growth even after reaching a height of 2 meters.

The tomato plant has a number of interesting facts:

• The yield of tomatoes is surprising. The most “modest” varieties yield up to 1 kg per square meter, and others up to 30 kg per square meter;
• The largest tomato producer is China. Every third tomato is grown there;
• The largest tomato in the world weighs 3.8 kg (Minnesota, USA). It is included in the Guinness Book of Records. The circumference of the tomato was 83.8 cm;
• to obtain one kilogram of dried vegetable you need from 10 to 14 kg of fresh tomatoes;
• 95% of the weight of a ripe fruit is water;
• The healthiest tomato product is not fresh, but one that has been heat-treated
• the substance choline, which tomato products are rich in, can regulate the level of bad cholesterol in the human body;
• wild varieties of tomatoes still grow in the historical homeland of tomatoes in South America;
• under appropriate conditions, tomato seeds do not lose their viability for 10 years;
• In Spain, La Tomatina is celebrated annually. Tourists from all over the world come to throw tomatoes at each other;
• If we consider the palm in the production of vegetables and fruits in the world, then tomatoes are in first place, bananas are in second, and apples are in third;
• Tomato processing products contain lycopene. This substance is not produced in the human body, but reduces the risk of the formation and growth of cancer cells;
• Tomato is good for human skin. The substance lycopene can protect skin cells from sunburn. It is enough to consume 40 g of tomato sauce per day to reduce the risk of sunburn by 40%.
• There are no special contraindications to consuming tomatoes, however, those who suffer from gastritis and kidney disease should be careful about excessive addiction to the product;
• The French king Louis, as legend has it, ordered that a prisoner sentenced to death in the Bastille be fed only tomatoes. Since the fruit was considered poisonous, death was inevitable. What a surprise it was when the prisoner not only did not die, but also acquired a healthy, thriving appearance. The prisoner was pardoned, and the tomato became a celebrity;
• George Washington's cook was bribed and tried to poison him with tomatoes because he considered them poisonous. After much effort, George Washington remained alive, but the cook escaped and hanged himself;
• the famous herbalist and director of the botanical garden in London, John Gerard, knowing that Italians eat tomatoes for a long time, insisted on their toxicity. As a result, the consumption of tomatoes in England was pushed back by almost 100 years. This is what authoritative opinion means.

Tomato on the merits of the culture The tomato belongs to the nightshade family. Green shoots contain glycoalkaloids. Not all gardeners can work with crops painlessly. For some, it causes serious allergic reactions, itching, irritation and fever. To avoid problems, you should use protective equipment when working with green parts.

What is the difference between a tomato and a tomato? What is the difference between tomato and tomato?

The story is quite confusing. As it turned out, both terms are correct. People picked up the words as synonyms and happily apply them in life.

For greater accuracy, you can take into account the following:

• selecting tomato varieties;
• buy tomato seeds;
• grows a tomato plant;
• caring for tomatoes;
• we collect tomato fruits, which we call tomatoes;
• we make salads and canned tomatoes;
• We consume tomatoes, but tomato juice or tomato sauce.

The tomato plant has always been called a tomato. But the Italians only called the tomato (the fruit of love). Therefore: the vegetable crop of the nightshade family is the tomato. The fruit of a tomato is a tomato, which according to botanical nomenclature is classified as a berry.

If we evaluate the frequency of use of the words tomato and tomato in society, it is approximately 50:50. The debate has long since stopped. Synonyms have taken root and peacefully coexist.

The old Russian dictionary published in St. Petersburg in 1780 does not contain the word tomato. There is also no such word in Vladimir Dahl’s dictionary, which was published much later. In the dictionary of Ozhegov S.I. there was already the word tomato, but also the release date of the dictionary was 1949.

Exception words

Exceptions to this rule are nouns in the genitive case, in the plural. They are written with a zero ending.

These words include:

Names of nationalities and military units, as well as the word “person”:
many Tatars, Bulgarians, Armenians, Georgians, soldiers. But! There are few Kazakhs, few Uzbeks. Names of items that have a pair: there are stockings - no stockings, there are scissors - no scissors, there are tights - no tights,
etc.
But! There are socks - no socks. Measures and units: 2000 watts, 180 volts, 100 gigabytes.
But if these measures are written without numerical compatibility, then the ending “OV” is added:
“There are no free gigabytes on the flash drive.”